Analysis Of Rosemary Traore s The Phycology Of Prejudice

In Cultural Connections, An Alternative to Conflict Resolution, by Rosemary Traore, she discusses the conflict within intergroup conflict, where it stems from and how it can be beneficial. Intergroup conflict can occur when a group of individuals from different backgrounds work and live together. These conflicts can be caused by concepts such as prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. In order to combat these conflicts, a diverse group of people should be formed with a diverse set of leaders, the group members should be given positive labeling to help encourage positive behavior, and members should have reinforced self-esteem. Programs that will help with conflict are diversity classes, conflict resolution classes, self-esteem counseling, and team building exercises. These programs will reduce conflict and create a more positive and trusting environment among group members. Similar to Marilynn B. Brewer article â€Å"The Phycology of prejudice: In-group Love or Outgroup Hateâ₠¬  intergroup discrimination and conflict is stemmed from the environment in which one participates in while growing up and identifying yourself as an adolescent. When groups devised of people from all different backgrounds and experiences come together, there is bound to be conflict from time to time. Is learning to deal with this conflict and the concepts that influence conflict the key to creating a more harmonious environment for everyone in the group? This article by Cynthia Cockburn, War and

American-Cuban Relations A critical analysis Free Essays

string(132) " Different personnel have various delegated responsibilities, which help the smooth process of activities during the boarding time\." The American Cruise Line is a United States small ship company. Its operations are around Eastern Seaboard in the US. Its operations commencement is dated back in early 1970’s. We will write a custom essay sample on American-Cuban Relations: A critical analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the business stopped sometimes in 1980s due to a decreasing level of customers. Its operations either went in business again in 2000, by launching some three ship fleet with the American Eagle (49 – passenger capacity) being the first ship. Others launched in 2002 and 2005 where the American Glory (49 – passengers) and the American Sprit (98 – passengers) respectively. In 2007, the company is to launch the American Star. The owner had sold the company in late 1980’s before it went under due to operational inefficiencies. Since it’s rebirth in 2002, the company continues to embrace a big growth, with its operation expanding highly. The same rebirth followed an acquisition by the owner of the then former company which was operational in 1980’s. The company is a US based small ship company registered in Maine. Its operations are along the US coastal line form the Maine to Florida. Operational profile. The company owns a much larger fleet with a capacity of 220 square fleets. Its cabins are of a larger size than any other small ship company. In its fleet Profile, its currently operates with three cruise ships such as the American Eagle, American Glory and the American Spirit. Its current decision to launch the fourth ship (America Star) within the year is perhaps its greatest achievement. Its ships are profound in three characteristics which make it to adequately compete with its competitors at the market place. They are highly roomy, and of the most modern nature. (http://www. cruisecritic. com/reviews/cruiseline. cfm? CruiseLineID=57) Their ships have adequate privacy due to the large capacity, intimate relations for their relatively small size as well as allowing its passengers to be able to frequently meet within a week. Their dining room are located at the deck which primarily lowest at the stem point, where it has some windows on its three sides it has other two cabin sized lounges, with the tip deck making open cut facility for the remaining part of the ship. The four decks will then be linked together by an elevator. Many of the cabins have balconies which provide an attractive environment for the passengers on the coastal scenery while traveling. Those without balconies will have their windows painted large pictures which are then opened for free circulation of air and also the different sounds emanating form the sea. They also offer cabin facilities for persons who are single or disabled. Generally, the vessels will have identical features in regard to the facilities, decor and also layout. The passengers are free in their choice of cruise in terms of date or even itinerary without been forced to use a cruise without their choice. (Morgan, 2004) The decors are attractive and exciting, with both muted and a range of simple colors. Their close array is like that of a hotels generic lobby. Its main lounge has a specific location. This is underneath their bridges at a directly forward position. It has a set of tail windows in one of the three sides which are used for providing a way of viewing the attractive scenery while passing. However, the stringent maritime laws have worked to lower the company’s activities. These laws prescribe an attractive package in the certain conditions relating to capacity, modern, operating diameters, and other legal conditions on the cruise business. At one point, we can talk of the advantage into the nature of the business customers. However, the same laws may be argued as stumbling blocks into the cruise business where stringent legacies ought to be followed. Consequently, cruise businesses are required to have a layout of specific modalities in the operational system and the physical nature of their ships. Such conditions have been voted as been highly expensive leading to conditions of high operating costs. The company has the launch of the American Star in progress which is to be later in this year. Either, its development of Pearl Seas Cruises within the course of 2008, will find the company at the most competitive edge in the international waters. This would have the same similarities to the other ship models, though it’s highly sophisticated. With a regard to the environmental laws about water pollution, the company has been in the fore front to ensure Low rates of environmental pollution. The construction system of its ships follows a highly conventional manner in which high standards ships manufactured with lower cases of oil spill-over in the water. Either, it has various facilities for ensuring safe custodies for any emergency cases and accidents that would lead to oil spillages in the water. Above these parameters, its high advocacy to the travelers of frontiers that provides conditions for lower environmental pollution has been ensured by the management. The company has continued to recognize and put in place various campaigns on environmental conservations, and reduction in water pollution. Through such a campaign, it has ensured high operational statuses which provide a hallmark in the conservation of the water environment through reduced pollution. (Sagers, 2006) Organizational structure and current operating environment. The company has provided a layout in terms of its organizations structure. A compliment of various stakeholders to be same structure is therefore available. It has the CEO as the highest rank in the structure. A panel of board of directors also accompanies the same structure. Elsewhere, various managerial staff positions provide management services to the different management offices. The current operating structure may be summarized under the aspect of ship board organizational structure. The shipboard organizational structure is comprised of system of controls into the various activities and operations at the time of boarding a ship. Like any other organizational activity, the ship boarding activity is comprised of various activities that help an adequate environment for the operations. Different personnel have various delegated responsibilities, which help the smooth process of activities during the boarding time. You read "American-Cuban Relations: A critical analysis" in category "Papers" (Hazell, Fitzpatrick, 2006) Various control persons are therefore delegated with various duties. These include; operations control who is capable of the communication process within the shipping process. The engineering control, who provide various engineering services for the shipboard process incase of mechanical breakdowns; the damage controller, who provide repairs and maintenance to any materials breakdown in the shipping process. The shipboard directors(s), who provides a package of directorship in the control layout systems of the ship board process. Above these profiles, the shipboard organizational structure is compounded by other systems of control / control officials. These are medical controls, finance officials, supervisors, safety officers, security control and quality assurance controls. All the controls play their relevant authorities and displiness in correspondence to the requirements of the shipboard process. Summarily therefore, shipboard organizational structure is comprised of a system of control that ensure adequacy in the company’s organization at the shipboard process. The shipboard operating structure is comprised of a system of control available at the process of its operations. While the ship is on its traveling process, there are various operating controls and processes that accompany it for adequate and safe traveling and services. At one level, the demographic population of the company can be echoed in a close perspective between the ships and the passenger volume they operate in. The demographic structure of the company depicts diversity in its clients in terms of geographical parameters. Clients are from the whole region. Generally, the number of children clients has been voted to be low. However, a higher volume of children is available during the summer within the Maine and the New England. Currently the company has its three ships with the American Star at the verge of been launched within this year. (Talley, 2000) The major nationalities working in the onboard process are Americans. The company has had dominance in the employment of Americans for its onboard activities. This is in attribute and understanding that fellow Americans can provide good customers relation in the onboard process during the ship traveling. However, the onboard process is accompanied by a number of activities on process where different personnel perform different roles. Firstly, the role and position of show excursions controller should not be overlooked. This is the controller person in charge of excursions in every port in which passengers are taken through to know the different environments they are driving in. This is taken as a refresher course to the passengers in the long journey processes. Food and drinking personals (waiter) who are allied to the different schedules of the passenger feeding. With the long journey process, passengers are ideally provided with food, this is taken care of by the food controller. Like the shipboard organization structure, the on process is also accompanied by a system of control which includes quality assurance, finance, medical, security, administration, above others. At the onboard process, the persons are responsible for these controls. At the shore side either, a comprehensive, package of management structure, controls and human resources issues is highly pronounced to provide a higher and better environment of the shipping process. Majority of the characteristics of activities found at the shore side is a combination those at the shipboard organizational and operating structures above those of the onboard structure. A combination of the relevant system of control relating to the various systems of control is therefore attributable to the shore side organizational structure. Marketing positioning The small ship industry in America is highly competitive. The company continue to get a high and stiff competition form its competitors around the world. The success to the company has however been through a package of providing relatively high quality products and services above other strategies which helps it to even pursue well in such a competitive market. It has however a highly developed and established system of itineraries which are found placed in the whole Eastern Seaboard covering the Penobscot Bay at the Maine up to the Florida. (Haigh, Nomikos, Bessler, 2004) The traveling system changes considerably during the various seasons of the year. The cruises allied to England Island have the Block Island as their stopping areas at the summer periods. They can also stop at Nantucket or Martha’s Vineyard. Trips also change in the course of the year depending on the environmental conditions allied to the navigation process. There is the June offer of itineraries from the Chesapeake Bay which are allied to the Baltimore case. However, these are all short trip cases. The great passageway which is form the Baltimore to the peak of Florida is among its long paths. Elsewhere, the ships will sail via the Antebellum Itineraries, which is form the Jacksonville and the Charleston. This occurs at the periods form November throughout April. The Okeechobee trip is offered as an occasional trip. As the 2008 approaches, other cruises will be introduced by the Pearl Seas Cruises. There destinations are proposed to been Canadian Marmites, St. Lawrence Seaway Caribbean American itineraries and also the Central American itineraries. This 2008 activity plan is a clear indication of the high level of expansion by the company in their itineraries. (Still, 2001) The target market of the company is to include the whole of the US costal line. However, this is only its immediate (short run goals) with the intensity into its expanding phenomena, the company is perhaps to embrace its final attribute of expanding to reach the various water ways and ports in the US coastal strip. Elsewhere, its greatest achievement would be expanding to the broad foreign market. Foreign market is seen as an attribute in which the company will develop in capacity to even reach the global market, through mergers, acquisitions, starting or even through Franchises. Miscellaneous details The American Cruise company has continued to embrace the sovereignty as one the largest small ship company in US. Over the last three years, it has had an average of reported profit amounting to $ 694 per annum. The price of it share in the American stock market has considerable been improving. Since is rebirth in 2002, it has continued to show an increasing level of profit. . References Cruise Review and News (2007) American Cruise Lines. Retrieved on 7th Nov. 2007 from http://www. cruisecritic. com/reviews/cruiseline. cfm? CruiseLineID=57 Haigh, M. S. , Nomikos, N. K. , Bessler, D. A. (2004). Integration and Causality in International Freight Markets: Modeling with Error Correction and Directed Acyclic Graphs. Southern Economic Journal, 71(1), 145+. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5006987575 Hazell, L. C. , Fitzpatrick, S. M. (2006). The Maritime Transport of Prehistoric Megaliths in Micronesia. Archaeology in Oceania, 41(1), 12+. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5015172724 Morgan, C. (2004). The Public Nature of Private Industry in Confederate Georgia. Civil War History, 50(1), 27+. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5006500885 Sagers, C. (2006). The Demise of Regulation in Ocean Shipping: A Study in the Evolution of Competition Policy and the Predictive Power of Microeconomics. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 39(3), 779+. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5019554251 Still, C. (2001). Thinking outside the Box: The Application of COGSA’s $500 Per-Package Limitation to Shipping Containers. Houston Journal of International Law, 24(1), 81+. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000945085 Talley, W. K. (2000). Ocean Container Shipping: Impacts of a Technological Improvement. Journal of Economic Issues, 34(4), 933. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001180959 The state of conflict that has come to define the relationship between the United Sates of America and the tiny island nation of Cuba is, unknown to many, as old as the history of Cuba as a nation state. The first signals of conflict came early in the life of Cuba as a Spanish colony when in 1795 Negro slaves and whites came together to revolt against the Spanish overlords. That momentous occasion caused a great disquiet amongst slave owners in the American south, and thus attracted the keen attention of the American establishment, who did not desire such an example to be set too close to home. The first overt reaction of the American rulers at that time was to make overtures to Spain for the purchase of Cuba. In this respect, Thomas Jefferson, the American President, was reported to have said in 1809 that, â€Å"I candidly confess that I have ever looked upon Cuba as the most interesting addition that can be made to our system of States. † Though Spain persistently rejected the American request, the Americans never dropped their desire to annex Cuba by any possible means. This ardent American desire and policy on Cuba was summed up by the then American Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, â€Å"These islands (Cuba and Puerto Rico) are natural appendages of the North American continent, and one of them (Cuba) almost within sight of our shores, from a multitude of considerations has become an object of transcendent importance to the commercial and political interests of our Union†¦ These are laws of political as well as physical gravitation. † It was therefore only a matter of time before the first real conflict over Cuba erupted. When it did, it did so in two fronts, one involved America and Spain while the other involved Cubans themselves, who desired independence from Spain. In 1823, US President Moore declared the Western Hemisphere, including Cuba, as an exclusive sphere of influence of the United States, warning European powers to take heed and steer clear of any interference in the affairs of any nations within the so declared ‘sphere of influence’. Subsequently, in 1898, Cuba became a theatre of war between the Americans and Spain, the Spanish American War. This was coincidentally at a period Cuban revolutionaries claimed they were on the threshold of liberating Cuba from Spanish rule. The Americans won in the ensuing war and subsequently took control of the governance of Cuba as protectorate. What was to follow was a despoliation of the Cuban state by successive American appointed administrators, land speculators, profiteers, the Mafia and their local Cuban collaborators. Attendant to these was the economic emasculation of the Cuban nation as American colonists swooped on the island and acquired large swats of fertile farm land, marginalizing the local people, and in so doing sowed the seeds of the many conflicts that were later to help shape American-Cuban relations for almost the past half century. 2. 7. 1. The Actors General Fulgencio Batista Formerly a Sergeant in the Cuban Army, Batista came into limelight when he led a group of sergeants, ‘The Revolt of the Sergeants’ to overthrow a sitting government in 1933. Though he relinquished power shortly afterwards to become the army chief, he made himself the elector of the next president and subsequent five others until 1940 when he contested and won the presidency for himself. Successive American administrations found him a willing ally and were in tacit support of his conducts and rule over Cuba. Under Batista, the Miami mafia mob became the co-rulers of Cuba. Batista was to retire from presidency in 1944 only to make a quick come-back in 1948 when he was elected into the Cuban senate. Later in 1952 he sidestepped the elections and took over power in a coup. With the support of U. S administration of Harry Truman, Batista cancelled the elections all together and became the maximum leader. Fidel Castro was one of the contestants in that botched election. Fidel Alejandro Castro. The son of a wealthy Creole farmer, Castro was educated in Jesuit schools, and finally graduated from the Havana University with a law degree. Disillusioned with the poverty he saw around him and the display of wealth by the American colonists, Fidel joined the political movement with intent to stand for an election into the Cuban congress. When this desire of his was scuttled by the cancellation of the elections and the usurping of power by General Batista in 1952, he took up arms with other rebels, ‘The July 26 Movement’, including his brother Raul to wrest power out of Batista forcefully. Their attempt at rebellion in 1953 ended in disaster and the killing of most of the rebels. Fidel, his brother and a few others were arrested, tried and jailed, but later released. Castro was to strike again, and eventually defeated Batista’s soldiers to take over power in 1959. On assumption of power, Castro took several populist actions, which endeared hum to the down trodden Cuban masses. But his later actions of nationalizing all American run and owned businesses in Cuba, closing down all casinos, whore houses and sending the mafia on the run, as well as his switch to communism earned him powerful enemies in the American establishment. Ever since, American Cuban relations can be effectively summed up in two this short term- mutual hostility. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Two-term president of the U. S, 1953-1961, Eisenhower was in power at the height of the Castro rebellion, which ousted General Batista from power. Eisenhower was the architect of initial American policy response to the Castro challenge. Hostility was the initial and consistent response to the Castro regime. This response was later to be institutionalized, thus setting the mood for subsequent US-Cuban relations. Eisenhower took far-reaching steps to checkmate Castro. Some of these steps were the authorization of the CIA to train Cuban exiles to form a force that could overthrow Castro and install a more acceptable regime in Cuba, cancellation of American orders for Cuban sugar, prohibition of American exports to Cuba, putting pressure on European banks to cancel loans meant for Cuba, blacklisting of naval vessels carrying cargo to or from Cuba, massive propaganda offensive to discredit the Cuban regime, liaisons with and use of mafia links to try to assassinate Castro or destabilize Cuba. J. F. Kennedy. He succeeded Eisenhower as American President, and true to his election campaign pledge to ‘do something about Castro’, Kennedy went a step further by authorizing and sponsoring the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban dissidents. This was in addition to other US sponsored covert and overt terrorist attacks against Cuban interests and attempts on Castro’s life. Kennedy followed up late with the termination of diplomatic relation with Cuba in 1961. Some other attempts by Kennedy to deal with Castro included: Operation Mongoose, whose aim was to overthrow Castro through acts of terrorism and subversion; The invoking of US military intervention to â€Å"overthrow the Castro regime; Operation Peter Pan, (1960-62) in which the US colluded with the Catholic Church transport 14,048 unaccompanied children between 6 and 18 years old out of Cuba for the US; Institution of a full trade embargo against Cuba; Punishment and denial of US aid for third countries which allowed assistance or commerce with Cuba; Imposition of travel to Cuba on US citizens; Though President Kennedy was assassinated in circumstances which some speculations have linked to the Castro issue, the US policy direction on Cuba did not change, but had rather intensified with successive US regimes. 2. 7. 2. Issues Basically the Issues at stake in American-Cuban relations could be described as both ideological and territorial. The United States on the one hand had a long standing interest to annex or control Cuba and to have the island nation come under its capitalist mode of operation, whereas Cuba had traditionally resisted any such designs by the Americans and had under Fidel Castro towed the communist line of production and ideology. 2. 7. 3. The Underlying factors Many recent commentators on the unending face-off between Cuba and the United States have wondered why the US has found it difficult to accommodate the Cubans and their communist form of government at a time that they have normalized relations with such other communist regimes as China and Vietnam. `It is quite obvious that such commentators have failed to take into account the full weight of the underlying factors that have helped shape and instruct American policy direction on Cuba. Some of these factors can be discussed below: 1. The ideological war: Capitalism vs Communism. It is an established fact that the United States is as rabidly capitalist as the former Soviet Union was Communist. So when Castro concluded his revolution by tilting towards communism he inadvertently touched America at it sorest point. It was a declaration that an enemy was at its back door. Thus Cuban American relations were ab initio anchored on diametrically opposing posts the moment Castro took over power. 2. Proximity. Cuba’s proximity to the US which put it within the so-called American sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere precluded that the US must, as a matter of national security, have interest in what happens in its back waters. And what the American administrations loathed most was for Cuba to become an example which other Western hemisphere counties could look up to and copy. 3. Interest groups. Most of the American business interests that were nationalized by Castro are today part of the dominant group ruling the United States, and dictating state policy. They have not forgiven Castro and will never forgive him for disrupting their lucrative business operations in Cuba. The same is true of the mafia elements within the Cuban exile groups. 4. Resistance from ordinary Cubans. Having witnessed firsthand what unbridled capitalism and corrupt did to them the first time they came under U. S rule, ordinary Cubans are loathe to again welcome any American hegemony over them. 2. 7. 4. Scope The scope and ramifications of US-Cuban relations crossed national and continental boundaries in the 70’s and 80’s when Cuba embarked on shoring up leftist regimes or groups in South America and Africa. These attempts brought them into direct conflict with the US; with disastrous effects in Nicaragua, Grenada, Angola, Ethiopia and Congo democratic republic. Consequently, local conflicts were internationalized, protracted and resulted in tremendous human tolls. The effect of almost fifty years of American economic embargoes on Cuba has also been horrendous on Cubans. 2. 7. 5. Previous Attempts at Settlements The first known attempt at settling the disputes between the US and Cuba was in 1964 when Cuba offered to desist from exporting revolutionary ideals to South America if the US would halt its hostile actions against Cuba. The US refused, urging Cuba to first stop close relations with the USSR. It was also speculated that Kennedy had intended to engage Castro in negotiations shortly before he was assassinated in 1965. Another secret attempt was made at reconciliation in 1974, but was supposedly cancelled after Cuba got involved in Angola. President Ford at that time linked normalization of relations with Cuba with its voluntary pull out from Angola. It was under Jimmy Carter that the most real attempts at the normalization of relations with Cuba were initiated when he lifted the travel embargo on Cuba. A maritime boundary and fishing accord was signed by both countries during this period, while diplomatic interest sections were opened by both countries in Havana and Washington, respectively. Other bilateral negotiations were started; the American Congress also repealed the provision of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 banning aid to countries permitting their vessels to trade with Cuba. The National Security Council also rescinded the ship blacklist. 2. 7. 6. Phases and Intensity The Kennedy era was perhaps marked zenith of American-Cuban hostility. It was then that the botched Pay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was carried out in 1961, same as the Cuban missile crisis, which involved the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962. Though the missile crisis was eventually resolved, when the Soviets willingly dismantled the missiles, the crisis almost precipitated a nuclear war between the US and the Kruschev-led Soviet Union. Several U. S instigated attempts were also made during that same era to assassinate Fidel Castro, but the climax was the assassination of President Kennedy himself. The other high intensity points in American-Cuban relations were in the 70’s and 80’s when Cuba actively supported leftist insurrections against American backed dictatorships in Africa and South America. The most notable of these countries where Cuban forces played direct combat role were Angola, Ethiopia, Grenada, El Salvador and Nicaragua. The U. S countered these Cuban moves by pouring in massive support to the opposing groups. However, the relations between the have traditionally been known to experience upward and down swings in response to the parties in power in Washington- much more favorable under the Democrats and less so under the Republicans. 2. 7. 7. Balance of Power In territorial size and resources, Cuba is no match to the United States, but the active support of the Soviet Union at the start of the Castro revolution and until the collapse of the Soviet Union brought a semblance of balance of powers between the two feuding neighbors- U. S and Cuba. However, at the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were expectations that Cuba would falter and collapse, but world public opinion and the support of Canada, the European Union, China and of late Venezuela have helped stabilize Cuba ideologically and materially. 2. 7. 8. Capacity and Resource There is no room for comparison of the resources and capacities of both countries, the U. S is way ahead of Cuba in all respects, but as explained earlier what Cuba has going for it are favorable world opinion and the resilience of its leadership and people. 2. 7. 9. State of the Relationship The support for the continuing US embargo of the island nation have been completely eroded, as many of the nations of Europe, Latin America, Asia and Africa have since normalized relations with Cuba. Even fellow North American countries of Canada and Mexico have consistently opposed US embargoes on Cuba, especially as it affected US subsidiary companies within these two nations. Even many Americans have come to question the wisdom of continuing with the hostilities when it is obvious that Cuba, at present, poses no threat to U. S national security. Visits have been made of late by sitting congressmen and other influential Americans in efforts to settle the disputes between the two neighbors that are so close but yet so far apart. Works Consulted Chadwick Ian. History of Cuban American relations. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www. ianchadwick. com/essays/cubahistory. html Siera J. A. Compilations of History of Cuba. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www. historyofcuba. com/history/batista. htm How to cite American-Cuban Relations: A critical analysis, Papers

Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Study On Product Liability And Consumer Rights

Question: Discuss about the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 Study On Product Liability And Consumer Rights. Answer: Liability of manufacturer or distributor to Australian consumers in the tort of negligence A tort is the conduct of a party amounting to a civil wrong in which the aggrieved party can bring a civil action for compensation(Latimer, 2012, p. 223). Negligence is a tort which seeks to protect a person, their property or any other interests from damage arising from the actions or omissions of another; that is lack of reasonable care. The common law principle of negligence as it is known today arises from the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). In this case, the plaintiff had ordered a drink at a restaurant; she found the remains of a decomposing snail in the bottle. As she had already drunk some of the beverage, she fell ill and sought recourse in court. This case illuminates the liability of a manufacturer to their consumer regardless of the lack of direct proximity; the plaintiff could not sue the retailer as it was the manufacturer who owed them a duty of care(Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). In the determination of liability with regard to the tort of negligence, common law provides certain elements that should be considered. At common law, it is paramount that the consumer establishes that first and foremost they were owed a duty of care by the manufacturer(Gillies, 2004, p. 69). A duty of care is owed where a relationship between the parties is evident; this can be based on the test of proximity and foreseeability. In Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990), Lord Roskill highlighted foreseeability, fairness, voluntary assumption of risk and reasonableness as some of the tests for duty of care. In essence, one owes a duty of care to those who would be closely and directly affected by their actions(Bermingham, 2011, p. 36). Having established the existence of a legal duty, the subsequent element would be identifying a breach of said duty by a manufacturer. At common law, a manufacturer must have their consumers in mind when determining their design, product safety and subsequent distribution; suppliers are also tasked with a duty not to supply defective goods(Loveday, Product Liability, 2016). Where the fail in these obligations then they are said to have breached their duty. The actions of the manufacturer, or their omissions, are pitted against a prescribed standard; that is the standard of care which is the reasonable man test. Deane J stated that measuring the discharge of a duty of care is based on what a reasonable person under similar circumstances would do(Hackshaw v Shaw, 1984). The third element of the tort of negligence is determining whether the plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach. This brings about the principle of causation which provides that, but for the defendants act or omission, the plaintiff would not have suffered the injury they did. This causal link is crucial in determining the liability of any manufacturer. Australian courts relied on the common sense test, as illustrated in Medlin v SGIO (1995) to establish causation; first, they determine that the harm caused to the plaintiff resulted from the negligence and then they determine the scope of liability(Loveday Morrison, 2016). The onus is on the plaintiff to prove causation where he or she makes a claim for negligence. The discourse above highlights the common law principles guiding the establishment of liability under the tort of negligence, it is important to note that some of these common law provisions have been codified and modified by statutes such as the Civil Liability Act 2002 as well as the Australian Consumer Law 2010. However, guided by the aforementioned principles, it is evident that Samsung owes its consumers a legal duty of care in that they are directly and foreseeably affected by any acts or omissions with regard to the products it puts on the market. The explosions of the smartphone were linked to a defect in the manufacture and design of the battery. Manufacturers are tasked with the duty to ensure their products are safe as per common law principles. As the battery was unsafe it led to explosions which caused damage to property and personal injuries. As such, the three elements of negligence are evident in this case study; the manufacturers, therefore, are liable in the tort of negligence as per the provisions of common law. Rights of Australian consumers under Part 3-5 of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) against the manufacturer In addition to the common law principles establishing liability, a manufacturers liability can also be derived from statute. The provisions of the Australian Consumer Law 2010 ensure that manufacturers, suppliers and distributors are all cautious in the production and distribution of their products so as to avoid the risk of liability. Part 3-5 of this law specifically highlights certain rights of consumers with regard to the liability of manufacturers on items with safety issues. In essence, the manufacturer, being the assembler or importer, shall be considered liable under the ACL if; the goods are supplied in the course of trade or commerce, if they have a safety defect and if the damage is suffered either by a person or property(Hughes, 2014, p. 17). According to s 138 of the ACL, a manufacturer would be liable where an individual suffers injury or dies as a result of a safety defect in the goods they have supplied. Additionally, where the safety defect leads to the injury of another person, the destruction of property, land, buildings or fixtures then the consumer could hold the manufacturer liable. In Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd v ACCC (1998), the plaintiff experienced burns in his eyes and face after water spurt out of a blocked shower pipe. The court, in this case, found the defendant liable under section 138. In determining liability the court looked into whether the defendant was the manufacturer, whether the goods had a safety defect, if warnings were necessary and adequate and if the relevant scientific and technical knowledge was available to foresee this risk. In determining this, the court was able to establish that the manufacturer owed the plaintiff a duty of case and said duty was breached based on their negl igence. In the case study in question, Samsung Electronics are identified as the manufacturers who, as per the provisions of Part 3-5 of the ACL 2010 are expected to ensure any products they provide in the course of trade are safe. Where safety defects are established and the manufacturers actions in mitigating any risk that would arise leading to a safety defect are insufficient, then the court would find the manufacturer liable for negligence. With this in mind, it is evident that Samsung electronics breached this duty of safety as there methods for detecting the defect were inefficient as such leading to personal injuries and damage to property. Consumers, therefore, can claim a breach of their duty to safe products on the grounds that they products led to injuries of persons and damages to property. Additionally, they can cite that, their safety was not to up to the reasonable standard they expected and should have been accorded. Defences available to the manufacturer or distributor In as much as consumers are entitled to certain duties as illustrated in the discourse above, the law also provides manufacturers with defences where cases of breach of duty are brought before them. Under common law, a manufacturer can rely on certain defences against a claim in negligence; voluntary assumption of risk and contributory negligence among others(Loveday Morrison, 2016). However, ss 142 and 148 of the ACL 2010 highlight specific defences that a manufacturer can rely on where they are faced with a claim of negligence with regard to a safety defect in their products. Their defences include; the fact that the defect arose as a result of compliance with a particular standard, the defect was non-existent during supply, the defect was undiscoverable due to lack of scientific of technical knowledge and finally, the defect was caused by other goods where the manufacturers goods were contained. These defences are specific to the duties raised under the ACL 2010(Hughes, 2014). In Drake v Myler Pty Ltd Anor (2011), the court deliberated the defence of the availability or technical knowledge to discover the defect. In this case, the court appreciated that the available tests at the time had been used and no defect indicated, future developments would lead to the earlier detection of the issue, however as the currently available technical and scientific knowledge could not detect the defect then the defendant could rely on it as a defence. In that regard, the onus is on Samsung Electronics to establish that the available technology at the time of issuing the smartphones was unable to detect any defects in the new battery model. This proof will enable it to reduce liability as it is illustrated that the defect was not born out of negligence on the part of the manufacturer. The limiting role of caps on personal injuries damages on any tort or ACL liability Under tort law, one of the key remedies to any damage is compensation for either monetary or non-monetary loss(Latimer, 2012, p. 271). A monetary or pecuniary loss would be a loss that can be easily valued in monetary terms such as medical expenses. Pain and suffering, loss of limb among others form the non-pecuniary losses. The tort law crisis led to the formulation of civil legislation by way of the Civil Liability Acts 2002 which in turn placed certain restrictions on personal injury claims under consumer law. The reason behind these restrictions was to promote expediency and fairness and also to avoid plaintiffs cherry-picking causes depending on the one with the highest possible reward. Litigation had become excessive and damages offered were not uniform with some being excessive while others too little to compensate the injury suffered. In Australia, the determination of damages is calculated according to the injury suffered or likely to be incurred(Hughes, 2014, p. 27). The ACL under s 87M caps damages for the supply of goods with safety defects at $250,000 on non-economic losses. In New South Wales, s 16 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 sets a statutory limit on damages for non-economic loss; they currently stand at $551,500 from $350,000. As such, a tortfeasor or any manufacturer in breach would only be liable to the extent of the stipulated amount. In addition to the stipulated amount, legislation further sets a limit through an exceptional or extreme case(Lindfield, 2017). The severity of the case is also considered so as to determine whether damages will be awarded. In Hall v State of New South Wales (2014), the court deliberated the issue of proportion of extreme case where the appellant sought to challenge the percentage established by the trial judge in order to increase their recoverable sum in damages. In the determination of the issues arising the court in this case recognised and appreciated that statutory caps expedited proceedings by allowing a quicker end to proceedings which in essence is of benefit to all parties. In conclusion, as per the provisions of the law, the purpose of damage caps on personal injury claims was to establish a uniform compensation system that would be fair and expedite legal proceedings. It was also a way of curbing cherry picking by clients. The recoverable costs for personal injuries, especially non-economic loss injuries which are difficult to value were becoming extremely high and as such unfair to defendants. The existing caps are found in statute and set a maximum recoverable amount which is subject to other conditions; for example, the injury must attain a certain degree of severity. These provisions guide the court in determining the recoverable amount; they also limit the liability of defendants to the set amount. As such, statutory caps, in this case, would limit the liability of Samsung Electronics to first and foremost the portion of severity of the case and secondly the capped amount; they will not be able to go beyond the set amounts and neither is the deli beration at the discretion of the court. References Australian Consumer Law 2010 (Cth). Bermingham, V. (2011). Nutcases: Tort. London: Sweet Maxwell. Caparo Industries v Dickman, 605 (2 A.C. 1990). Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Donoghue v Stevenson, 562 (A.C. 1932). Drake v Mylar Pty Ltd Anor, NSWSC 1578 (December 20, 2011). Exploding Samsung Note 7 ruins Australian hotel room. (2016, September 6). Retrieved from The Australian: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/exploding-samsung-note7-ruins-australian-hotel-room/news-story/093d67da670f8c1ed20df88aafbb2f66 Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2013). Business Law 2014. NSW: Pearson Higher Education AU. Gillies, P. (2004). Business Law (12th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd v Australian Competition Consumer Commission, FCA 1571 (December 10, 1998). Hackshaw v Shaw, 155 CLR 614 (1984). Hall v State of New South Wale, NSWCA 154 (May 19, 2014). Hughes, A. (2014). Liability. Retrieved from Corrs Chambers Westgarth: https://www.corrs.com.au/assets/thinking/downloads/Product-Liability-First-edition-2014.pdf Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Lindfield, M. (2017). The State of Tort Reform and the Law of Negligence. Retrieved from FindLaw Australia: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1477/the-state-of-tort-reform-and-the-law-of-negligence.aspx Loveday, C. (2016). Product Liability. Retrieved from Clayton Utz: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/16_ProductLiability.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Loveday, C., Morrison, A. (2016, May 23). Product liability 2016. Retrieved from ICLG: https://iclg.com/practice-areas/product-liability/product-liability-2016/australia#chaptercontent2

10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English

10 Common Sentence Mistakes in English Some mistakes are common when writing sentences in English. Each of these 10 common sentence mistakes provides correction information as well as links to more detailed information.   Incomplete Sentence or Sentence Fragment One common mistake many students make is the use of incomplete sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at least a subject and a verb, and should be an independent clause. Examples of incomplete sentences without a subject or a verb might include an instruction or a prepositional phrase. For example: Through the door.In the other room.Over there. These are phrases we may use in spoken English. These phrases shouldnt be used in written English as they are incomplete.   Sentence fragments caused by dependent clauses used without an independent clause are more common. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. In other words, if you use a subordinating clause beginning with a word such as because, though, if, etc. there must be an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake is often made on tests asking a question with Why. For example: Because Tom is the boss. Since he left work early without permission.   These sentences might answer the question: Why did he lose his job? However, these are sentence fragments. The correct answer would be: He lost his job because Tom is the boss. He lost his job since he left work early without permission. Other examples of incomplete sentences introduced by subordinating clauses include: Even though he needs help. If they study enough. As they had invested in the company. Run-on Sentences Run-on sentences are sentences that: Are not connected by appropriate linking language such as conjunctions.Use too many clauses rather than using periods and linking language such as conjunctive adverbs. The first type leaves out a word - usually a conjunction - that is required to connect a dependent and independent clause. For example: The students did well on the test they didnt study very much. Anna needs a new car she spent the weekend visiting car dealerships. The first sentence should use either a conjunction but, or yet or a subordinating conjunction although, even though, or though to connect the sentence. In the second sentence, the conjunction so or the subordinating conjunction since, as, or because would connect the two clauses. The students did well, yet they didnt study very much. Anna spent the weekend visiting car dealerships since she needs a new car. Another common run on sentence occurs when using too many clauses. This often occurs using the word and. We went to the store and bought some fruit, and we went to the mall to get some clothes, and we had lunch at McDonalds, and we visited some friends.   The continuous chain of clauses using and should be avoided. In general, do not write sentences that contain more than three clauses to ensure that your sentences do not become run-on sentences. Duplicate Subjects Sometimes students use a pronoun as a duplicate subject. Remember that each clause takes only one sentence. If you have mentioned the subject of a sentence by name, there is no need to repeat with a pronoun. Example 1: Tom lives in Los Angeles. NOT Tom, he lives in Los Angeles. Example 2: The  students come from Vietnam. NOT The students they come from Vietnam. Incorrect Tense Tense usage is a common mistake in student writing. Make sure that the tense used corresponds to the situation. In other words, if you are speaking about something that happened in the past do not use include a tense that refers to the present. For example: They fly to visit their parents in Toronto last week. Alex bought a new car and drives it to her home in Los Angeles. Incorrect Verb Form Another common mistake is the use of an incorrect verb form when combining with another verb. Certain verbs in English take the infinitive and others take the gerund (ing form). Its important to learn these verb combinations. Also, when using the verb as a noun, use the gerund form of the verb. He hopes finding a new job. / Correct - He hopes to find a new job. Peter avoided to invest in the project. / Correct - Peter avoided investing in the project. Parallel Verb Form A related issue is the use of parallel verb forms when using a list of verbs. If you are writing in the present continuous tense, use the ing form in your list. If you are using the present perfect, use the past participle, etc. She enjoys watching TV, play tennis, and cook. / Correct - She enjoys watching TV, playing tennis, and cooking. Ive lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. / Correct - Ive lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and studied in New York. Use of Time Clauses Time clauses are introduced by the time words when, before, after and so on. When speaking about the present or future use the present simple tense in time clauses. If using a past tense, we usually use the past simple in a time clause. Well visit you when we will come next week. / Correct - Well visit you when we come next week. She cooked dinner after he was arriving. / Correct - She cooked dinner after he arrived.   Subject-Verb Agreement Another common mistake is to use incorrect subject-verb agreement. The most common of these mistakes is the missing s in the present simple tense. However, there are other types of mistakes. Always look for these mistakes in the helping verb. Tom play guitar in a band. / Correct - Tom plays guitar in a band. They was sleeping when she telephoned. / Correct - They were sleeping when she telephoned.   Pronoun Agreement Pronoun agreement mistakes take place when using a pronoun to replace a proper noun. Often this mistake is a mistake of use of a singular form rather than a plural or vice versa. However, pronoun agreement mistakes can occur in object or possessive pronouns, as well as in subject pronouns. Tom works at a company in Hamburg. She loves his job. / Correct - Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job. Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. He thought they were very difficult. Correct - Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.   Missing Commas After Linking Language When using an introductory phrase as linking language such as a conjunctive adverb or sequencing word, use a comma after the phrase to continue the sentence. As a result children should start studying math as early as possible.  /  Correct -  As a result, children should start studying math as early as possible.

Hiring and Development Plan essay part 2

Hiring and Development Plan essay part 2 Hiring and Development Plan essay part 2 Hiring and Development Plan essay part 2  Hiring and Development Plan essay part  1Conducting a preliminary interview with candidatesAfter screening the candidates’ resumes and applications, I will conduct a preliminary interview with the candidates for the required job position in order to select and hire a candidate who meets the needs of our company. I know that a preliminary interview can help to identify some misfits that have not been mentioned in the application forms or resumes (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010).Selection testsSelection tests are used to find out more important information about the candidates for the open position. Those candidates who pass a screening procedure and a preliminary interview should be called for selection tests. As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I will use selection tests to â€Å"determine the applicant’s ability, aptitude and personality† (Aswathappa, 2005, p. 160). There are several types of selection tests , including ability tests, aptitude tests, personality tests, interest tests, graphology tests, polygraph tests and other types of selection tests. I will use personality tests, which help to measure and evaluate the candidate’s motivation to perform his/her duties in a proper way and ability tests, which help to determine the ability of a candidate to perform the required tasks. Some of the issues that will be discussed in the selection tests for the candidates include occupational interests, personality factors, technical and non-technical skills, temperamental adaptability, etc.Creating a Development PlanIt is known that an employee development plan provides the so-called â€Å"roadmap† to improvement of current job performance and increases the chances for career advancement. Employee development plans can be viewed as a combination of the key items the employee should be ready to improve upon, and the items the company is focused upon (Byars, 2010).   Actually, a development plan is focused on the areas, which require improvement in the employees’ performance.As a Human Relations Manager, I am responsible for the development of an effective individual development plan. This plan helps to identify the best candidates for career advancement and enhanced developmental opportunities. I realize that employees are motivated to perform their duties and tasks, providing the highest levels of job performance, if they evaluate the positive recognition coming from their managers and colleagues (Byars, 2010).   I will be focused on development planning to meet the needs of our company and ensure that all employees are adapted to the technician and non-technical needs of the company. I realize that flexibility and integration can help to increase employee productivity, improve the company’s efficiency and develop the company’s knowledge and employee awareness of the total commitment to achieve the established goals (Aswathappa, 2 005; Byars, 2010).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An effective employee development plan shows the key processes, procedures and methods of identifying the needs of employees and their skill gaps. A well-developed employee development plan helps to improve job efficiency and effectiveness (Aswathappa, 2005; Byars, 2010).Employee Development PlanThe key development objectivesIn this section, it is very important to formulate the major development objectives through a comprehensive assessment of the key needs and capabilities of the company. It is necessary to assess the current status of the company, e.g. how the company operates on the competitive market, what the company does better than other companies, and asses the abilities of the employee to perform these tasks in a proper way. This analysis can help to identify the criteria against which the effectiveness and efficiency of the employee development program can be evaluated.The basic information about an employee:T he employee nameThe employee positionThe employee departmentThe employee skills’ assessmentThe employee skillsIn this section of the plan, it is very important to identify the employee skills and knowledge, including handling technical challenge skillfully, lack of creativity and originality in presenting new ideas, demonstrating the high degree of intellectual effectiveness, poor ability in solving conflicts, poor communication skills, etc.The employee skills ratingIn this section, it is necessary to determine the employee’s computer skills and people management skills.The employee development aspirationsIn this section, it is necessary to describe the required knowledge and skills, stating in detail what skills the employee should develop. As a Human Relations Manager, I will be focused on communication skills, leadership skills and technical skills.The detailed action planThe detailed development programIn this section of the development plan, it is very important t o determine the appropriate development program aimed at enhancing the employee’s skills and abilities. There are several types of employee development programs, including various training courses, mentoring, etc.As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I will use special development programs aimed at encouraging the employee’s growth and career development; improving the employee’s skills, abilities and knowledge that can be effectively and immediately applied to the required tasks; increasing the employee’s motivation and job satisfaction; creating an effective network of co-employees for problem-solving, decision-making and support;   and promoting   communication practices and planning throughout the company’s department networks.The improvement planIn this section, it is necessary to identify the areas of employee deficiency, as well as the areas of the company’s focus. This improvement plan should become a roadmap for the empl oyee on how the methods used to advance the employee to a better position. It is very important to identify the actions the employee should take to improve, including the training programs provided by the company.The development courseIn this section, it would be better to identify the methods used for the employee development. As a Human Relations Manager, I will use the following training and development methods: on the job methods, simulations, lectures, conferences and seminars, as well as role-playing.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Human Relations Managers should be equipped with an effective hiring plan, which can guarantee the higher percentage of selecting and hiring top employees for the required job positions. Employee development plan helps to empower employees to perform their duties in a proper way and take responsibility for their personal and professional growth. An employee development plan can be viewed as an effective document created by Human Relations Managers to outline the employee’s objectives, activities, achievements, resources and targets regarding his/her development at the professional and individual levels. As a Human Relations Manager for the company, I have developed an effective employee development plan to meet the company’s needs and achieve the established goals. I have used various methods to model the behavior of the employee I encouraged. I discussed and created an effective employee development plan, which corresponds to the performance planning cycle adopted by the company. I have endorsed the employee to attend lectures, classes and other activities aimed at supporting the established development goals. In addition, I have discussed the key employee development aspirations that can be used to support the employee’s new ideas and methods. Moreover, I believe that it is necessary to provide a comprehensive behavioral feedback on the employ ee performance and discuss the most appropriate ways to improve and develop employee performance in the nearest future. Thus, the employee development plan discussed in this paper provides massive opportunities for the employees to develop the required skills, abilities and attitudes through effective mentoring, cross-training sessions, training courses, skill assessment programs and other methods and approaches.

Tesco Plc Strategy Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tesco Plc Strategy Analysis - Coursework Example It also operates financial institutions as a joint venture with the royal Bank of Scotland (Data Monitor, 2004). Mullins (2010) says that a marketing strategy primarily focuses on effectively allocating and coordinating marketing resources and activities in order to accomplish firm’s objectives within a specific product market (Mullins & Walker, 2010). The critical issue that concerns the scope of a marketing strategy is specifying the target market(s) for a particular product or product line (Mullins & Walker, 2010). This is followed by the motivation to seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix that is custom made to the needs and wants of potential customers in the market segment (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Michael Porter identifies three generic strategies and these include: the cost leadership strategy, the differentiation strategy and the focus strategy (Mullins & Walker, 2010). These strategies are based on strategic scope a nd strategic strength of a firm. The strategic scope is used to mean market penetration while strategic strength is used to mean the firm’s sustainable competitive advantage (Mullins & Walker, 2010). Tesco uses the cost leadership strategy in its operation. With this strategy a company aims at becoming the lowest-cost producer in the industry (Stephane, Girod, & Rugman, 2005). It is a strategy that is often associated with large-scale businesses that offer generally standard products that comprise of little differentiation and are perfectly acceptable to majority of the market customers. This strategy is aimed at gaining market share by cutting costs so that a firm can offer lower prices and in the process gain market share (Stephane, Girod, & Rugman, 2005). High volume is leveraged to create low costs by getting the best prices from suppliers and more efficiently utilizing fixed costs. In order for any company to use this strategy it must be cost conscious in every aspect of the business (Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004). This strategy therefore is characterized by tight budgeting, elimination of waste and thin personnel staffing. Scholars agree that this strategy is often adopted when there are many providers, growth is flat and providers are trying to steal the market share from each other by lowering prices (Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004). Last year in September Tesco began a new strategy where it began to put its focus on permanent low pricing as opposed to its previous specific price promotions. This was as a result of its losing a great percentage of its market share to its competitors such as Sainsbury, Asda and Wal-Mart (Poulter, 2011). Market segmentation refers to the process of dividing the total market for a product or service into groups with similar needs such that each group is likely to respond favorably to a specific marketing strategy (McDonald & Dunbar, 2004). There are many variables to which a market can be segmented and these include the following: behavioral, demographic, psychographic and geographic segmentation. Behavioral segmentation is a strategy based on customers’ needs and subsequent reaction to those needs or towards the purchase of intended product or services (McDonald & Dunbar, 2004). Demographic segmentation considers aspects such as age, gender, education, income, occupation, size of the family etc. psychographic segmentation is all about diving people according to their lifestyles and values and how

Extinction of Banks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Extinction of Banks - Assignment Example Financial innovations and deregulations have enabled the financial markets to achieve perfection with institution that do not adopt deregulatory measures lagging behind in the provision of services to customers1. Financial innovations and deregulation have facilitated contractual agreements with governments seeking to institute reforms adopting relevant measures. Discussion Diminishing roles for banks In the contemporary society, banking institutions are being faced by a likelihood of extinction in case they do not formulate measures of keeping up with the times. The increasingly interconnected world, owing to globalization, is a threat to the banking institutions due to the emergence of mobile financial solutions. Customers are becoming more and more accustomed to faster and time-conscious responses from the companies while banks are lagging behind when it comes to finding means of proactively responding to the needs of their customers2. Lack of relevant targeted offers on the part of the banks is to blame for this development as it is vivid that the banks are not focusing on the needs of their customers. According to Gorton and Rosen (1993, p. 22), banks have plenty of funds to invest but are unable to notice emerging opportunities in the financial world. In the light of this, there is a need for the banks to see themselves as not only playing the traditional role of banking but also providing customer services that go beyond convectional boundaries of their present duties. Banks have for a long time been playing the role of consumer trusted advisors but this trust is slowly fading. In case necessary measures are not instituted to embrace innovation in order to capture newer grounds, the banks will lose out. Brigham and Ehrhardt (2010, p. 565) indicate that in the near future, customers will realize that they do not need banks but they need banking services. This will be a dangerous scenario for banks, as they will be at the verge of becoming extinct just lik e dinosaurs3. In addressing this problem, the banks need to have a new outlook. Investing in innovation will be instrumental in boosting banking operations. Moreover, bankers need to find other avenues of inspiration in order to secure a wide customer base. Although the technology that banks need in order to become responsive to the needs of their customers and in order to open up new streams of revenues already exists, the banks can look up to other avenues. Among these avenues are algorithmic trading, borrowing technology from the telecommunications industries and offering services that are location-based. Consequently, the banks can make use of information about what customers are likely to buy and when to develop new and more targeted products and services4. There is the need by the future banks to embrace technologies from various sectors in order to respond to customers’ actions and turn such scenarios into opportunities for securing more revenue and garnering consumer loyalty. In the near future, consumer will be buying most of their items on their credit card and this will enable them to access promotions and offers from traders in their vicinity. These traders are also banks’ customers who are likely to be bought in by the banks since the providers of their payments become an important avenue of accessing new customers. There is the need to tap into the trends of the consumers, if the banks are keen on