Compromise of 1877

AP US History Even though compromises and agreements look straight forward, the parties involved usually have ulterior motives. The Compromise of 1877 was consisted of a few main point. It called for the withdrawal of all federal troops from the South, supported internal improvements in the South and promised to appoint at least one Southerner to the cabinet. Also it gave conservative Southern Democrats some control over their local patronage and gave the South a free hand in race relations. Many may have seen these details as a way to mend the country back together, however it was really just a despicable plan.Although the Compromise of 1877 was successful in burying sectional tensions, in reality, it was a cynical political deal because it was a fraudulent election, white conservatives maintained power, and blacks became disenfranchised. During the election of 1876, political improprieties between Tilden and Hayes caused tensions between the two parties. The Republicans thought the y could once again use the tactic and political stand of â€Å"waving the bloody shirt,† which had secured their victories for the past two presidential elections.Unfortunately for the Republicans, American voters had forgotten the Civil War already, and Tilden won the popular vote over Hayes and led the electoral vote 184 to 165. The winner was not decided yet because 20 votes were disputed by the Republican governments in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. Resulting from the miscommunication and corruption on both sides of the ticket, Congress had to form a special commission comprised of 5 members from the Senate, House, and Supreme Court. It was decided that exactly seven Democrats, seven Republicans, and one Independent would be allowed, to keep the commission neutral.The Republicans, desperate for a win, devised a plan to have the only independent justice on the bench elected into the Senate by his state’s legislature. When he resigned to assume his new posi tion, all of the remaining justices were Republicans. The vote came in with the Republican’s winning by one vote, meaning all 20 remaining electoral votes were given to Hayes. This scheme cause turmoil between citizens, and it proved that the government would do whatever it could to get what they wanted, even if it meant a scam.Also, the Compromise of 1877 was just a way for white, male conservatives to stay in power. By writing this Compromise, these powerful, WASP men were able to get what they wanted in addition to satisfying the needs of the other party. After all was said and done, the Republicans received the White House, and in return, the Democrats were awarded a spot in Hayes’ cabinet and the removal of federal troops from the south. With both parties temporarily happy, they silently agreed to ignore the rising problem of southern blacks.Both parties sacrificed blacks as they challenged the racial system. The ability for the white conservatives to maintain pow er while manipulating the political system demonstrates that this election was another derisive move by conservatives. Finally, with the Compromise, the blacks became disenfranchised. After the Democrats failed to fight for the rights of the blacks, they were just left out in the dust. The government implemented literacy requirements and poll taxes so that they could prevent them from voting.They also developed the system of tenant farming and share cropping, which significantly decreased their salary and they plunged into economic poverty. They introduced legal systems of racial segregation and it made living for these people harsh, cruel, and near impossible. Finally, there was a significant rise of mob lynchings. This was due to the blacks who decided to challenge the racial system. All of these examples show how the blacks were put down in order to keep them out of the way, and they just became another ordeal in the political deal.In conclusion, the Compromise of 1877 was a cyni cal political deal and was unsuccessful in burying sectional tensions. Between the election fraud, the stronghold of conservatives maintaining power, and the blacks being sunk down back to the bottom, the Compromise was a negative for the country all in all. Many thought it was a positive and could mend us back together, but we eventually found its faults. â€Å"After nearly four months of angry uncertainty, filled with blatant fraud, violence, and fears of renewed civil war, the nation finally†¦ (Morris Jr. 15)† found its ulterior motive and tricked a nation.

A definition of the values and ethics in sport Essay

Principles A principle is a basic truth, law or policy. Principles are standards that define moral behaviour. A principle in sport might be that the officials teat all equally on the field of play. For example the referee in a rugby match is expected to make decisions on what has happened on the field of play, regardless of who the player is, this illustrates the principle of fair play in sport. In the premier league football it is often though that players ‘get away’ with behaviour that would be deemed unacceptable and against the principle of fair play. Values Values are ideals that form the basis of actions and beliefs. An example of a value in sport is when a player endeavours to play well for the team’s sake and not for his or her own benefit. Foe example, a hockey goalkeeper would put herself at some risk by saving a hard driven shot, this upholds the value of playing for the sake of others. In premier league football a goalkeeper may try very hard to save a shot and risk injury because he is die to gain as an individual in a forthcoming transfer deal. This is not upholding the value of playing for others. Ethics Ethics are rules that dictate a person’s conduct. They form a system of rules that groups and societies are judged on. In sport it is ethical to acknowledge that you have broken the rules of your particular game. For example, a snooker player would tell the referee that he had committed a foul shot even though the referee had not noticed, this shows ethical conduct. In athletics, a runner might take a performance enhancing drug, breaking the rules of competition this is an example of unethical behaviour. The underpinning value of these three definitions is that of fair play and abiding by the rules. Everyone involved at sport at all levels are supposed to encourage ethical considerations that will lead to fair play, it is to be encouraged at all levels of sport and towards all ages of sportsperson but particularly aspiring young athletes. The major underpinning values that are to be taught are:- * Friendship * Respect for others * Playing with a level head and a team spirit * Equal opportunities An explanation as to the importance of ethics and values for sporting organisation and the individuals who participate Individual and group development has a lot to do with the ethics and values that are learnt through life. Ethics and values are important for individuals who take part in sport because sport plays a major role in a lot of peoples lives from an early age. Players and fans that are into sport tend to devote a lot of time and effort to their favourite sport. If you look into the nature of fairplay in sport for some people it leads to their understanding of fairness in a wider social setting, this is because many of our basic values, such as playing fairly are often absorbed through athletic competition because when kids are taught about sports emphasis is often put on playing fair. The underlying importance of this is that if an individual or group do not develop a proper set of ethics and values it will make them and their club look bad. An example is a player like Roy Keane who admitted in his autobiography that he broke a fellow footballer’s leg simply because he wanted to. From this I can understand that Roy Keane did not grow up with the same sort of values that I did. He didn’t get it hammered into him when he was young that breaking someone’s leg isn’t part and parcel of the sport. This also reflects a bad image on the club and if my memory serves me right Manchester United round about that time were considered quite a â€Å"dirty† club. No proud owner of a club really wants their club to be known as an aggressive bunch of cheats. It is nobler to be like Chelsea who last year not only won the Premiership but the fairplay award as well which if you look at it really makes you think â€Å"yeah they are true champions because they won it fairly†. You could argue that they spent 100 million pounds to win the league but they still did it fairly more so than any other team in the land and I and hopefully many other football fans respect them for it. From a strong commitment to ethics and values players can achieve likeability and move onto more successful jobs. An example is Gary Linekar he never received a yellow card in his whole life ans he has since taken over from the legendary Des Lynam as the Match of the Day host. Players with bad reputations that are openly disliked by the majority of fans are unlikely to move onto other limelight jobs when their career over as well as simply being disliked by the general public. When these players careers are over they still have to do the shopping, go out to eat etc. When they go out into the public people are going to have an opinion of them based on the ethics and values that they have shown on the field of play. Who wants to be openly disliked? Clubs have a good public image to gain from having a strong commitment to ethics and values and all good businesses know that a good public image means more money. A consequence of bad ethics and values could be related to athletics. Probably the most talked about ethic in sport is the prohibition of using performance enhancing drugs in athletics. A lot of people do wonder what justifies this prohibition because why shouldn’t athletes, especially competent adult athletes be free to take risks with their bodies? The answer to this comes down to ethics and morals most of us have about sport. This is an important rule because performance enhancing drugs such as steroids have very harmful side effects as well as providing an unfair advantage. It is important that a value such is this is instilled into athletes of all ages because really we would hope that all athletes would want to compete clean not only because they should want to see how good they can become without performance enhancing drugs but hopefully the integrity of the sport should be important to them as well. I remember I myself used to be a big fan of athletics back in the day of Linford Christie and Colin Jackson but over time I began to get tired when my heroes, the people I looked up to got stripped of their gold medals because they had cheated. Incidents like these put me off the sport and I no longer watch it, this is why it is important for individuals and organisations to have a strong set of ethics and values. Children look up to and aspire to be like a lot of the athletes that are on the TV these days and a poor showing of ethics and values by a well known professional sportsperson will surely be taken in and acknowledged as ok by many young athletes. Basically fans want to trust that an athlete’s accomplishments are achieved fairly. Consequences of bad ethics and values are that sportspersons integrity is totally lost, the sports integrity itself will go down and younger athletes may lose faith in wanting to be a professional. Coaches at all levels experience the pleasures of watching young people develop sport skills and contribute to successful teams. However, coaches also have important legal and ethical obligations to their athletes. Coaches need to ensure that a strong set of values are instilled right from the start of those of whom they are coaching playing days. There are a range of ethical responsibilities for a sports coach the most common are > To encourage the development of youth into productive citizens and to develop their abilities and attitudes for further learning and success in life. > To encourage participation and involve as many people as possible in a competitive experience. > All team members, regardless of ability are to be afforded opportunities to develop their work ethic, sense of commitment, and social and athletic skills. > All coaching programmes should seek to educate athletes about community support and encourage them to return that support both now and throughout their lives. > And one of the biggest goals to be taught is that of â€Å"The goal is to win, but to win the correct way, a player should never sacrifice his character for a win† Earlier on I described the consequences of a bad set of ethics for an individual. In my opinion a coach with a bad set ethics is far worse because it is just not him or her who looks bad it is the people he/she is influencing as well. First of the importance of a proper coaching is the influential factor. This doesn’t just apply to children but to adults as well. The problem these days is that winning is everything and some coaches do actually teach that. Various coaches at the top level send their players out to win a match through diving, time wasting and fouling opposition players. So adults can be influenced as well and so can kids who are learning in much the same way that winning is everything. It is imperative that a coach instils values and ethics into a child as early as possible so that they are not so easily swayed into cheating as they get older. This once again helps keeps intact the integrity of the player, the club the play for and the sport. The benefit these players will have are that they can become an upstanding member of the public a role model that players can look up to sort of like a David Beckham figure (bad example). Consequences are that from a young age players are conditioned into thinking that winning is everything and this can spill over into real life. A sports player may cheat on a maths test or lie to get a girlfriend because the values that they learnt through their coaching apply to their real life situations. Coaches need to be a positive role model and penalise unfair play! An example I can remember when this was not done was in the final of the 1999 women’s world cup. The American women’s football team completed regulation and extra time play against china with the score drawn. The championship, viewed through the world by millions of fans, many of them young American girls captivated by the success of the American women, was to be settled by a penalty shootout. The coach had decided one of the Chinese shooters, Liu Ying, lacked confidence so said something to the American goalkeeper, Briana Scurry. When Ying made her move, Scurry took two quick steps forward, in violation of a rule of football, to cut off Ying’s shooting angle. The tactic worked. Scurry deflected Ying’s shot and the Americans won. As for as I’m concerned Scurry acted unfairly and cheated by violating a rule on her coaches advice. It set a bad example to all the aspiring young American women and for me and many other people that watched, the American victory was tainted by unethical behaviour in a deliberate violation of the rules. I see that as a major consequence of bad ethics taught and it is still happening all over the world in other sports such as boxing where fighters have cheated in a multitude of ways through their cornermen. To be honest a lot of the people that cheat in sport through advice of their coaches are remembered only for their win and not for the cheating but there are many people still out their who view these sportspeople and the people that coached them as cheats and they have to live that for the rest of their lives. The main value statements that need to be learnt in order to obtain an NVQ in sport and recreations are that people shouldn’t be discriminated against based on their age, gender, ethnic origin or if they are disabled. The reason that these value statements are in place is because in this day and age there is still a lot of prejudice in the world. Prejudice can’t be afforded in competitive sport or the sports industry. Sport in reality is supposed to be all about enjoyment and achievement and shouldn’t in anyway be anything to do with a disability, age or colour of someone’s skin. The benefits of the individuals who learn these value statements and take them in are that they will influence people to shed their differences and help understand other people’s needs and this will help to draw different types of people together. Basically differences can be buried by sport if people learn these statements then apply them to the sporting organisations they work in. An example is that they could encourage different race teams or mixed age teams or include people with disabilities. Most of the football teams that we support today have a mix of nationalities. The small minority of supporters that are racist tend to support the ethnics in their own team with the same love shown to the people in their team that are the same race’s as them. This shows that sport can bring people together at the highest level which means that it can be filtered down to lower levels like people working in leisure centres or small clubs. With regards to age sport and sports facilities should cater for all ages. Just because someone becomes older does not mean that they lose there ability or desire to play sport. Old people should be valued equally when they go to a leisure centre it’s not that they want to do a swimming lap in twenty seconds they just want to enjoy themselves and be involved. Older people might look old but some don’t feel old and contribute their knowledge and experience to those that are younger. The benefits of understanding the older people in the community are that it open doors and gives opportunities for special events such as swimming for the elderly or special classes. Old people don’t want to feel inferior or isolated and if sporting organisations can help and understand them by arranging and encouraging activities for them to take part in it can only improve the organisations overall/community image. People in the community don’t want to feel ostracised so classes such as Muslim women only classes, women only classes and free for the over 60’s classes have helped participation rates in relation to sporting activities. If all the people that are part of an organisation have a good set of ethics and morals it can only be productive for the organisation. Good examples will be set, participation rates will be met and the bank balance should show a good profit. The more types of people that are mentioned in the value statements taking part in sporting organisations can only lead to good publicity for the organisation. The consequences of an organisation not having a good set of ethics and values can be quite severe. There could be legal complications if disabled facilities are not available and possibly if there are not enough people from ethnic origins not taking part. Organisations such as leisure centre’s could lose out on financial gains and suffer loses that could lead to a cut in jobs or the leisure centre losing its contract and being taken over or shut down. As well as that with poor ethics and values there will be no community spirit regarding the sporting organisation because if it does not cater for all the surrounding people it cannot expect to be successful. Successful businesses that have made it have done so due to the fact that they catered for the elderly, disabled etc. Manchester United offer reduced rates for the elderly and disabled and this gives them a good image which is paramount for a big sporting organisation that is in the limelight. Another consequence is that the general health of a community may declines. If the staff at an organisation are showing a lack of morals and values people may not attend which means that they are not getting the exercise that they need and this is particularly important in the elderly. For a lot of people working in sporting organisations they have to realise that the public is the main reason for their existence thus they have to be treated with some respect. If an organisation wants the public to have a good attitude towards them then they have to make sure that all their staff have people skills and a high degree of customer service skills. Employees in sports organisations have very important roles to play because they are on the front lines representing the organisations that they are working for. They need to set good examples and encourage ethics and values in every aspect of their job. If they don’t it leads to customer complaints as well as tainting the image of whomever they are working for. On the management’s side, they need to make sure that they instil good customer service ethics among employees and thus create a people-focused culture. They also have to take a more serious attitude to customers’ complaints and in rewarding those employees who display positive attitudes towards customers. Setting examples at the highest level will hopefully filter down examples to the lower levels staff who won’t want to break the rules and then they should pass on these same examples to the customers they are serving. Once again this leads to increased participation rates, the business should make more money and have a decent public image. Employers and Employees have other important issues to consider such as providing high and health and safety standards. The importance of Health and safety in sporting organisations such as Leisure centres/gyms cannot be over-emphasised. This applies to employers, who must satisfy legislative requirements and employees, who work with hazardous substances. Consumers too are increasingly interested in knowing about the possible dangers of substances used in leisure centres including those that are added to their food. The public and employees stand to benefit from improved safety because effective health and safety management clearly helps reduce accidents. Obviously the less accidents there are the higher the reputation of the leisure centre/gym. A leisure centre/gym is all about reputation especially when there are so many rivals around. Health and Safety at work benefits:- Well-being at work Safety at work Quality of life Motivation Less injury or sickness Job security Good moral Low turnover Increased productivity Lower insurance premiums Increased reputation

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example The Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that the impairments substantially limited respondent in the major life activity of performing manual tasks. In order to demonstrate that she was so limited, said the court, Williams had to show that her manual disability involved a "class" of manual activities affecting the ability to perform tasks at work. She satisfied this test, according to the court, because her ailments prevented her from doing the tasks associated with certain types of manual jobs that require repetitive work with hands and arms extended at or above shoulder levels for extended periods of time. In reaching this conclusion, the court found that evidence that she could tend to her personal hygiene and carry out personal or household chores did not affect a determination that her impairments substantially limited her ability to perform the range of manual tasks associated with an assembly line job. The court granted her partial summary judgment on the issue of whether she was disabled under the ADA. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.] The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is grounded in the will to provide equal opportunity in employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications for individual with disabilities.

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM is based on the practice and assumption that problems should be dealt with at the point of origin itself. Each process in any business, like sales, marketing, operations, finance, production, planning, personnel, technical, have parameters of input. If the input is wrong, the output is bound to be wrong. Wang suggests that the correction should be made at the input level itself, which minimizes the chances of a wrong output. Silos also agrees that every aspect and every process of the business system should be involved so that all functions – vertically and horizontally across all levels are covered (1999 cited by Cannon, 2002). Although there have been modification to the adaptation of the TQM, the essential principles of this management philosophy remains the same. This paper will highlight how Marriott considered the TQM in their hotels. Marriott International has always been known as an employee-oriented family atmosphere organization. As service expectation of the existing customers and potential customers have gone up, and as TQM is a management philosophy based on continuous improvement, Marriott felt the need to consider TQM in their company to be able to deliver quality service and to sustain their image in the competitive market. To be able to consider TQM in their organization, Marriott first ventured to define TQM in their own style. To them, TQM meant: The philosophy of the founder of Marriott was â€Å"Take care of Marriott people and they will take care of Marriott guests† (Cannon, 2002). They were in essence attempting to satisfy both their internal and external customers by the TQM approach. They believe that â€Å"Hands-on managers† are absolutely vital to continuing the Marriott culture. The managers need to possess the people skills in being able to support, inspire, encourage, lead and listen to associates. Employees leave the organization or form unions when they are dissatisfied with the management. With the

Sports, Leisure and Coaching Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sports, Leisure and Coaching Law - Essay Example The initial outlines for the concept contained provision for the arbitration procedure to include an attempt to reach a settlement beforehand. It was also intended that the IOC should bear all the operating costs of the court. Right from the start, it was established that the jurisdiction of the CAS should in no way be imposed on athletes or federations, but remain freely available to the parties.†i The main reason for setting up such an arbitral institution was the need to create a specialized authority capable of settling international disputes and offering a flexible, quick and inexpensive procedure. The CAS is also known by its French name, Tribunal Arbitral du Sport (TAS). The CAS has its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland but has two other courts in Sydney, Australia and Denver, Colorado. The CAS also has the authority to set up courts in other countries, which it does during the Olympics. The language for the CAS is either French or English. Until 1991-92, a wide range of cases involving issues such as the nationality of athletes and contracts concerning employment, televisions rights, sponsorship and licensing were submitted to the CAS. Subsequently numerous doping cases were also brought before the CAS.ii After that a new development occurred wherein the structure of the CAS was evolved. The CAS became more independent of the IOC, both in organization and financial terms. The International Council of Arbitration (ICAS) is the supreme body of the CAS. The main task of the ICAS is to safeguard the independence of the CAS and the rights of the parties. It is concerned with the administration and financing of the CAS. The ICAS is composed of 20 members who are all high level jurists well-acquainted with the issues of arbitration and sports law.iii The CAS is an institution that is independent of any other sports organization and was

Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction The kinetics of a Lab Report

Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction The kinetics of a Thiosulfate Solution - Lab Report Example The first protonation occurs at the sulfur atom. (Holleman & Wiberg, 2001) Various approaches are used to study the kinetics of reactions. A usual procedure is to monitor some property, such as intensity of color due to a reactant or product, which changes during the course of a reaction. In the present experiment, the priority studied is the precipitation of a product, sulfur, which forms when solution of hydrochloric acid and Thiosulfate are mixed. On mixing a solution of acid, such as HCI, and a thiosulfate solution, there is an initial time-delay, then a precipitate of sulfur appears fairly sharply. The time interval between initial mixing and sulfur precipitation is a measure of the initial rate of reaction (i.e. the amount of time for a given amount of product, sulfur, to form). Recall that a rate for a chemical reaction is expressed as an amount of product formed (or reactant used up) divided by the time interval of the change: The aim of my experiment is to determine the dependence of the initial rate of reaction on the initial concentration of thiosulfate ion. The concentration of the other reactant, H+, will be kept constant. A higher initial concentration of thiosulfate will lead to faster rate of reaction, since an increase in the number of thiosulfate ions per unit volume will lead to higher probability for successful collision. (2) A solution of 1 M sodium thiosulfate, is available (center bench or hood). Add 70 mL of this solution to 210 mL of water to make a solution approximately 0.25 M in thiosulfate. We will refer to this as your "stock thiosulfate solution". (7) The experiment is now repeated four more times, using progressively more dilute thiosulfate solutions. Note, however, that for each experiment, the disappearance of the "X" corresponds to formation of the same amount of precipitated sulfur in the reaction mixture. The diluted solutions are prepared as follows: Both

Impact Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Impact Evaluation - Essay Example In social change, impact implies a long term effect on the society. Solorzano and Bank (2008, p.12), explain that the effect may be unintended, intended, negative or positive. A good impact evaluation must focus on the relevance of the intervention. To determine how relevant a program or project is, its objectives are assessed to determine if they are right or not. The SDSI strategy of Puntos de Encuentro’s main objective was to prevent more infection of HIV in Nicaragua. The intervention that the strategy employed in the case study is the use of the mass media and its communication programs to reach the community. This strategy is relevant to Puntos de Encuentro’s objective because it is through communication to the affected members of the society that that health education and general awareness to the society would be made possible. Deacon (2007) illustrates that in health programs, objectives such as the empowerment and promotion of societal rights on issues such as violence, reproduction, drug abuse and HIV are used to do an accurate impact evaluation of the effectiveness of such programs or projects. In addition, Bradshaw, Solorzano, and Bank (2006) emphasize that it is through the objectives of a project that its relevance is determined and therefore good impact evaluations must be able to assess whether a program for social change is relevant to the intended goal or not.

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery Essay

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery - Essay Example Serfdom on the other hand, is also a social economic system whose conditions of bondage are bound but not limited to the fields of landowners. This is in return for protection and the right to work in their leased fields. Basing on these definitions, serfs are also slaves, only that serfs are entitled to property rights, therefore, free, in a way, to do what he thinks is fit for his land. In an analysis paper on the causes of slavery or serfdom in relation to agrarian capitalism, the author distinguishes the two systems by the following context. This is with the assumption that: "A slave can be forced to supply unskilled labor when supervised by a farm operator but he cannot be forced to surrender his non traded skills. This captures the idea that you cannot make a slave a residual claimant without also giving them a substantial degree of independent control over how they allocate labor between their tenancy and labor services to the landlord. A slave owes labor service in return for nothing other than a subsistence wage, whereas serfs were typically peasant farmers who maintained access to land in exchange for payment to a landlord which may or not have included significant labor-service obligation." (Jonathan Conning, p.10) It was during the medieval times, with the rise of feudalism in Europe, that the era of serfdom and slavery became rampant. In the feudal system, the society was divided into three social classes, namely the religious, the nobles and the laborers. The serfs and the slaves were under the third class, whose tasks mainly consist of household duties. The nature of slavery and serfdom prior to the colonization of America was described in an online article at the following context: "Most slaves in Africa, in the Islamic world, and in the New World prior to European colonization worked as farmers or household servants, or served as concubines or eunuchs. They were symbols of prestige, luxury, and power rather than a source of labor." (Digital History online textbook) The Rise of Capitalism This social economic system developed further in Medieval Europe. Though it declined in Western Europe, in the later middle ages, it spread out on Eastern Europe. With the Europeans desire for colonization, it expanded to Africa and shortly thereafter, to Americas. An online article also pointed out that "It was only in the New World that slavery provided labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets." (Mintz, S.) This is when the nature of serfdom and slavery transformed and evolved. During this process of exploration and colonization, emerged the "triangular trade" between the colonies. The triangular trade is derived from the three ports or regions that participated in the trade namely West Africa, West Indies and Europe. The trade evolved where commodities that are not needed in one region are shipped (export) to other regions that needs and receives it (import). In this trading system, the products of slave labor like sugar, molasses, tobacco and rice were brought to England where an exchange of goods took place. The goods were also shipped to Africa in

Sixth Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sixth Amendment - Essay Example A ruling in a federal court backed the president's powers to confine an American citizen without trial for security purposes or when seen as aiding terrorist attacks, on a closer consideration of the sixth amendment the above action by the president is a gross violation of human rights as stipulated in the bill of rights (Shea, 58). The failure of the state to accord Padilla a speedy trial as allowed in the sixth amendment. Through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, which protects the, defendant from delayed trial since the time of indictment to the beginning of the case. The constitution allows a period of six months within which the prosecution should commence trial on all felonies, apart from murder cases; however, Padilla went through unlawful confinement for more than three years this indeed was a violation of the law. Padilla denial of the right to assistance of counsel or any attorney representative, in 2003 Paul.D.Clement then the deputy solicitor general. St ated in court that the accused had no right to a counsel assistance. On his attempt to challenge the president's declaration of him as an enemy combatant. He went on to argue that the laws of war do not recognize the rights of such an individual as in ordinary criminal law:, however, this was a complete contradiction. To the precedents of a similar situation where president Washington. Granted Major John Andre who was a British spymaster also Benedict Arnolds intelligence handler a public trial. According to Abadinsky in his book he stipulates well that going by to the practice of the judicial system an individual should stand trial in the state and district where the crime took place, however, while, in different detention centers, it was unknown where he could stand trial. Padilla went through solitary confinement, sleep deprivation among other inhumane treatments. Padilla faced enhanced interrogation, which also torture by international law. This was a gross violation of civil li berties in the pretext of safeguarding national security (Howard Abadinsky, 129). For the whole time in prison, Padilla faced of with witnesses against him which is not in line with the sixth amendment. Who's clause on confrontation provides the accused with the right of confrontation. To enable him meet with the witnesses face to face for cross examination. Through detention and denial of a speedy and public trial. Padilla did not exercise his right to call his own witness to counter the accusations as provided by the sixth amendment. In the compulsory process clause, which allows defendants. To introduce their own case during the trial, this would have compelled the prosecution to release evidence. For the benefit of Padilla prior to trial creating a fair chance of defense. Such violation in its own stance could qualify for the reversal of any conviction made before the defendant. Though the president claimed to have gained the powers from the congress. Through various resolutions , they become effected when the country is at war; however, it is worth considering that. The so-called war on terror was not war rather it was just a rhetoric. Since the congress is the only chamber that declares war, and it has never done so since world war two. In my own conclusion, it is evident that the unlawful detention of Padilla was a precedent to the abolition of the right to trial

Locke, Berkeley & Hume Essay Example for Free

Locke, Berkeley Hume Essay Enlightenment began with an unparalleled confidence in human reason. The new sciences success in making clear the natural world through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating the basis of human knowledge in the human mind and its encounter with the physical world. Second is by directing philosophys attention to an analysis of the mind that was capable of such cognitive success. John Locke set the tone for enlightenment by affirming the foundational principle of empiricism: There is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. Locke could not accept the Cartesian rationalist belief in innate ideas. According to Locke, all knowledge of the world must ultimately rest on mans sensory experience. The mind arrives at sound conclusions through reflection after sensation. In other words the mind combines and compounds sensory impressions or ideas into more complex concepts building its conceptual understanding. There was skepticism in the empiricist position mainly from the rationalist orientation. Locke recognized there was no guarantee that all human ideas of things genuinely resembled the external objects they were suppose to represent. He also realized he could not reduce all complex ideas, such as substance, to sensations. He did know there were three factors in the process of human knowledge: the mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object. Locke, however, attempted a partial solution to such problems. He did this by making the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities produce ideas that are simply consequences of the subjects perceptual apparatus. With focusing on the Primary qualities it is thought that science can gain reliable knowledge of the material world. Locke fought off skepticism with the argument that in the end both types of qualities must be regarded as experiences of the mind. Lockes Doctrine of Representation was therefore undefendable. According to Berkleys analysis all human experience is phenomenal, limited to appearances in the mind. Ones perception of nature is ones mental experience of nature, making all sense data objects for the mind and not representations of material substances. In effect while Locke had reduced all mental contents to an ultimate basis in sensation, Berkeley now further reduced all sense data to mental contents. The distinction, by Locke, between qualities that belong to the mind and qualities that belong to matter could not be sustained. Berkeley sought to overcome the contemporary tendency toward atheistic Materialism which he felt arose without just cause with modern science. The empiricist correctly aims that all knowledge rests on experience. In the end, however, Berkeley pointed out that experience is nothing more than experience. All representations, mentally, of supposed substances, materially, are as a final result ideas in the mind presuming that the existence of a material world external to the mind as an unwarranted assumption. The idea is that to be does not mean to be a material substance; rather to be means to be perceived by a mind. Through this Berkeley held that the individual mind does not subjectively determine its experience of the world. The reason that different individuals continually percieve a similar world and that a reliable order inheres in that world is that the world and its order depend on a mind that transcends individual minds and is universal (Gods mind). The universal mind produces sensory ideas in individual minds according to certain regularities such as the laws of nature. Berkeley strived to preserve the empiricist orientation and solve Lockes representation problems, while also preserving a spiritual foundation for human experience. Just as Berkeley followed Locke, so did David Hume of Berkeley. Hume drove the empiricist epistemological critique to its final extreme by using Berkeleys insight only turning it in a direction more characteristic of the modern mind. Being an empiricist who grounded all human knowledge in sense experience, Hume agreed with Lockes general idea, and too with Berkeleys criticism of Lockes theory of representation, but disagreed with Berkeleys idealist solution. Behind Humes analysis is this thought: Human experience was indeed of the phenomenal only, of sense impressions, but there was no way to ascertain what was beyond the sense impressions, spiritual or otherwise. To start his analysis, Hume distinguished between sensory impressions and ideas. Sensory impressions being the basis of any knowledge coming with a force of liveliness and ideas being faint copies of those impressions. The question is then asked, What causes the sensory impression? Hume answered None. If the mind analyzes its experience without preconception, it must recognize that in fact all its supposed knowledge is based on a continuous chaotic volley of discrete sensations, and that on these sensations the mind imposes an order of its own. The mind cant really know what causes the sensations because it never experiences cause as a sensation. What the mind does experience is simple impressions, through an association of ideas the mind assumes a causal relation that really has no basis in a sensory impression. Man can not assume to know what exists beyond the impressions in his mind that his knowledge is based on. Part of Humes intention was to disprove the metaphysical claims of philosophical rationalism and its deductive logic. According to Hume, two kinds of propositions are possible. One view is based purely on sensation while the other purely on intellect. Propositions based on sensation are always with matters of concrete fact that can also be contingent. It is raining outside is a proposition based on sensation because it is concrete in that it is in fact raining out and contingent in the fact that it could be different outside like sunny, but it is not. In contrast to that a proposition based on intellect concerns relations between concepts that are always necessary like all squares have four equal sides. But the truths of pure reason are necessary only because they exist in a self contained system with no mandatory reference to the external world. Only logical definition makes them true by making explicit what is implicit in their own terms, and these can claim no necessary relation to the nature of things. So, the only truths of which pure reason is capable are redundant. Truth cannot be asserted by reason alone for the ultimate nature of things. For Hume, metaphysics was just an exalted form of mythology, of no relevance to the real world. A more disturbing consequence of Humes analysis was its undermining of empirical science itself. The minds logical progress from many particulars to a universal certainty could never be absolutely legitimated. Just because event B has always been seen to follow event A in the past, that does not mean it will always do so in the future. Any acceptance of that law is only an ingrained psychological persuasion, not a logical certainty. The causal necessity that is apparent in phenomena is the necessity only of conviction subjectively, of human imagination controlled by its regular association of ideas. It has no objective basis. The regularity of events can be perceived, however, there necessity can not. The result is nothing more than a subjective feeling brought on by the experience of apparent regularity. Science is possible, but of the phenomenal only, determined by human psychology. With Hume, the festering empiricist stress on sense perception was brought to its ultimate extreme, in which only the volley and chaos of those perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbitrary, human, and without objective foundation. For Hume all human knowledge had to be regarded as opinion and he held that ideas were faint copies of sensory impressions instead of vice versa. Not only was the human mind less than perfect, it could never claim access to the worlds order, which could not be said to exist apart from the mind. Locke had retained a certain faith in the capacity of the human mind to grasp, however imperfectly, the general outlines of an external world by means of combining operations. With Berkeley, there had been no necessary material basis for experience, though the mind had retained a certain independent spiritual power derived from Gods mind, and the world experienced by the mind derived its order from the same source. Word Count: 1374.

The book of money ball

The book of money ball Main points of the reading The book of Money ball is mainly concern with the idea of explaining way the Oakland Athletics (Oakland As), one of the poorest teams in baseball, won so many games in 2002. The main character of the book, is Billy Bean, the manager of the Oakland As. Billy with the help of his assistant Paul DePodestas and inspire by Bill James tries to find ways to rethink the game of baseball and create new knowledge that helps as a basis to measure the baseball players and determine their respective value. Billy wanted to change the way traditional baseball has been thought until this moment. He hired Paul DePodestas, a Harvard economics graduate a and mathematician, with his help, both started analyzing statistics of baseball to decide which players are the most undervalued. The Scouts tendency was to analyze players for what they could see with their own eyes and predict their future (including the way they physically look. Ex: Jeremy Brown), in the other hand Billy and Paul thought that a player is not what he physically looks like or what they might become in the future, but rather, the players are what they have done. Billys first contact to knowledge baseball was in 1993, when he joined the front office of the Oakland As manage by Sandy Alderson (an educated lawyer from San Francisco). Anderson with the help of Erik Walker and inspired by Bill James began to analyze and understand the knowledge of baseball. Bill James is considered the father of Sabremetrics (The study of truth and reality of baseball), he started publishing since 1997 the Baseball Abstract, where he included statistical information of baseball. James thought that courting things was the only way to understand the truth in baseball, he wanted to change the way baseball statistics where measure today, they were one time established by a British Journalist called Chadwick. James created a model to predict how many runs each team makes: This model was focus in the value of walks and extra base hits, instead of batting average and stolen basis. Bill James also concluded that â€Å"college players are a better investment than high school players† In 1983 Bill James also described the law of competitive balance in his baseball abstract: 1.-Every form of strength covers one weakness and create another, every form of strength is also a form of weakness, 2.-The balance of strategies always favors the team behind, 3.-Psychologytends to pull winners down and push the losers upward. There were other people interested in baseball, which also focus in the evaluation of the sport. Cramer and Palmer also created another model. Cramer demonstrated that baseball players didnt perform different in different circumstances Pau fund two statics that correlated mostly in a winning percentage that is based in the on base-percentage and the slugging percentage. He concluded that an extra point of the on-base percentage is worth more than 3 times an extra point of slugging percentage. This helped evaluate the offense. The method to analyze the defense arose from financial market. Mauriello and Armbruster created a method evaluated the defense by quantifying every event. The Oakland As got the system and analyze it pitfalls to understand in a better way the value of the defense. With all this new knowledge, they replaced the loos of Damons defense with more offense. The knowledge help Billy and Paul realized that if they could not afford a player, they could replace it by recreating its aggregate. Another strategy that the team made was to replace Giambi with Hatterberg, who later in 2002, became the best offense in baseball. Hatterberg believe that every hitter had a weakness that needs to be found. Another important part of Billys success, was his ability to trade. The Oakland As had a strategy for the second half of the season, that consist in the acquired of players whose price declined due to the reduce in cost of other teams who had lost. Billy had 5 principle rules in trading that he always applied: Change is always good, the day you say you have to do something you are screwed, because you are going to make a deal, Know exactly how much every player worth, Know what you want and go after it, Every deal will be criticize by public opinion. Billy Bean made other changes and trades, like replacing Giambi by his brother Jeremy, trading with Omar Minaya, the Montreal Expos General Manager ( Arrojo, Seung-jun Song and Youkilis-The god of Walks). The book also mentions the story of Chad Branfords to introduce a way of analyzing pitchers. Branford was an undervalue player. Paul started being interested in him after reading the work of Voros McCracken (A paralegal in Chicago) who analyze baseball statics and came up with a measure called DIPS (defense independent pitch statics) to analyze pitchers. In the regular season of 2002 the As won 103 games in the American League West. This showed that even with the lowest payroll a team can become successful. Billy bean and his new management style in baseball changed the way baseball organization is managed. The regular season of 2002 the As won 103 games in the American League West this proved that even though the players with the lowest payroll can get the best players if they know how to choose. Billy Bean and his new management style, change the way organizations are being managed. An example of this is the Blue Jays and Red Sox, who adopted the Sabremetrics science. Practical implication As seen in the course, Jeff Hawks define intelligence as predictions, then business intelligence can be describe as the use of the data to better predict the future. We can see through Moneyball that Bill James, Billy Bean, Paul DePedesta and some others have used business intelligence to understand and predict the future of their players in the baseball game. The book demonstrate that organizations with a data-driven culture and the use of business intelligence (BI) tools are able to create a competitive advantage. Taking the book like a basis we can see how Billy Bean went through a process of rational decision making that along with the use of BI applications led the Oaklands to succeed. The rational decision process that he followed was the following Identify a problem.-The Oakland As cannot afford recognize player, but they need to find ways to succeed Think up alternative solutions.-Look for players that can create value for the team Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.-Find the KPI or indicator that gives the best on base percentage and slugging percentage (measures to evaluate baseball) The process of rational decision making along with quantitative tools can be used by many enterprises to become more efficient and improve their performance finding valuable indicators to analyze their resources. The book shows how Billy Bean changes the subjective analysis to an objective one. Two important aspects of the book and lessons can be applied to any kind of business and industries: It is very important to take into account the informations that is hidden behind the business and find the data that will led to generate knowledge. Business change is many times very difficult and complicated. Is hard for enterprises to change their habits and way of doing things. The problem that many enterprises are facing nowadays is that we as people tend to relay in rules of thumbs, habits or traditions instead of finding ways to improve their organizations and to obtain knowledge through our data. Even though these organizations are reluctant to change, every time is more evident that change is imperative and analysis of the data will avoid subjective thinking and will bring success. Due to the advance in technologies there has been and increment in the amount of tools in the market that help to create analytics and business intelligence, this makes it easier for more organizations to implement the idea behind the Moneyball book. The future of business intelligence is very promising, many industries like health care, government, education and many more starting to understand the benefits of this tools and the importance of acquiring new type of knowledge. Based in a news article (Gartner Reveals Five Business Intelligence Predictions for 2009 and Beyond, 2009) the future of business intelligence is expected to be as followed: By 2010 20% of the organizations will have a BI tool. Trough 2012 there is an estimated of more than 35% of the top 5,000 global companies, will falter in the decision process due to a lack of BI tools. By 2012 the budget allotment for business intelligence tools will be at least of 40% Opinion and comments The book of Moneyball is really interesting and made me reflect a lot. Even though it is a little bit technical and some parts where hard to understand, the book broadens my perspective of the importance of using data and business intelligence as a resource to understand some hidden aspects of business without matter what type of industry business are in. I believe that now that I am on my last semester of my MBA and Im about to enter a professional world, it is really important to be aware of the benefits that statistics and analytical tools bring in a business environment. This awareness, will help me focus on the aspects of business intelligence, mainly the data gathering and statistic and quantitative analysis to create KPI that help in the measure of business performance The book left on me the desire to analyze something new, to look for patterns in everything around me, in an effort to understand the world with a different perspective and create a change in peoples life. In God we trust; all others must bring data. W. Edwards Deming Works Cited Gartner Reveals Five Business Intelligence Predictions for 2009 and Beyond. (2009, 01 15). Lewis, M. M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York.

The Tremendous Potential of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Argumentative

Genetic engineering, the process of using genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells to fix or improve genetic defects or maladies, has been developing for over twenty years. When Joseph Vacanti, a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital, and Robert Langer, a chemical engineering professor at MIT, first met as researchers in the 1970’s, they had little knowledge of the movement they would help found. After they discovered a method of growing live tissue in the 1980’s, a new science was born, and it races daily towards new discoveries and medical breakthroughs (Arnst and Carey 60). â€Å"Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells no longer be tolerated — they can be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells and tissues grown anew† (Arnst and Carey 58). The need for genetic engineering becomes quite evident in the promises it offers in various medical fields, as well to financial ones. Despite cr itics’ arguments about the morality or practicality of it, genetic engineering should continue to provide the essential benefits it has to offer without unnecessary legal impediment. Every year, the need for new organs in organ transplants becomes more apparent. â€Å"I recognized fairly early that the biggest problem facing me as a surgeon was the shortage of organs. I’ve devoted my professional life to solving that problem,† Vacanti said (Arnst and Carey 60). Approximately eight million people in the United States undergo surgery annually to correct organ failure (Arnst and Carey 61). While these patients wait for surgery and others wait on the transplant list, their medical expenses reach up to $400 billion. These expenses count for almost one-half of American heath-care bills. Nearly four... ..., Chrisitne. â€Å"An Attack on Aging.† Time. 26 January 1998: 60. Haney, Daniel Q. â€Å"Genes Help Heart Grown Own Bypass.† Columbus Dispatch. 10 Novemeber 1998. 3A. Johnson, B. Julie. â€Å"Genetic Engineering is Dangerous.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 17-21. Kraemer, Duane C. â€Å"Genetically Altered Animals Will Benefit Humankind.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 94-101. Lee, Thomas F. â€Å"Gene Therapy is Beneficial.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 166-173. Mahoney, Richard J. â€Å"The U.S. Should Continue Investing in Biotechnology.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 29-36.

Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

The oldest English epic, Beowulf, although composed twelve centuries ago, uses many of the same ideals and values that exist in modern life and modern literature. These attributes are still important, but they do not occupy every aspect of life as in Anglo- Saxon England. Some of the ideals have little use today, such as fate, while other virtues, such as loyalty, are encouraged and highly respected traits. Other values, like fame, have taken on bad connotations in modern day and are not esteemed as they once were. Fate, the idea that destiny is predetermined and nothing can be done to change that, was highly esteemed in Beowulf’s time, but is of little use today. Anglo-Saxon warriors knew that they only had two options when they entered battle; either they live to fight again, or they die honorably amounts their own. Either way was determined by a higher power. The sense of an uncontrollable death left the Anglo-Saxon people without respect for other lives, evident in the amount of fighting in Beowulf, and also an inner gloom, â€Å"evident in the somber tone of Beowulf,† (from the text). Recently, philosophy has broken away from the more religious idea of destiny and moved toward a more logical aproach to life. Obviously, death is still inevitable, but logically, the future should be altered with each decision. Man has become too egocentric to believe someone, besides himself, can control his life. Loyalty, unlike fate, is still respected as it was in Beowulf’s time, but can g...

Two Specialists in Cybernetics :: Science Philosophy Papers

Two Specialists in Cybernetics Among the Romanian forerunners of cybernetics (i.e., Daniel Danielopolu, Paul Postelnicu), Stefan Odobleja is, undoubtedly, the most important. European recognition of his contribution to the foundations of cybernetics took place twenty years ago when his paper, "Diversity and Unit in Cybernetics" (presented at the Fourth Congress of Cybernetics and Systems in Amsterdam, August, 1978), was received with great acclaim. His work has been used by other Romanian scientists and philosophers like Constantin Noica, Mihai Draganescu, Alexandru Surdu, Georghe M. Stefan, Constantin Balaceanu, Mihai Golu, Pantelimon Golu,Victor Sahleanu, etc. Meanwhile, another scientist-philosopher, Norbert Wiener, reached conclusions similar to Odobleja's. It is interesting to note that two individuals who worked in and came from such diverse backgrounds and media, reached such similar conclusions within the interval of a decade. Out of the Romanian forerunners of cybernetics (ex: Daniel Danielopolu, Paul Postelnicu), Stefan Odobleja is - undoubtedly - the most important. A European recognition of his indisputable contribution to the foundation of cybernetics took place 20 years ago. At that time his paper, entitled "Diversity and Unit in Cybernetics" was of a very successful. This paper was defended at the 4th Congress of Cybernetics and Systems, at Amsterdam, 21-25 August 1978 by Stefan Odobleja's emissary, engineer Stelian Bajureanu. This was his most enthusiastic admirer. Being ill, Stefan Odobleja could not be present that very important scientific manifestation. In Romania, doctor Stefan Odobleja's merits as a Romanian scientist's at the foundation of the generalized cybernetics were well - known at the academic level, at the same time with the publication of two collective works. These works are: "Romanian Forerunners of Cybernetics", published in 1979 and "Odobleja between Ampere and Wiener", publishe d in 1981. The former work has a Preface also translated into English that is signed by Mihai Draganescu and the latter being entirely printed in English. The Romanian also known on an international plane has dedicated themselves, with a great consideration and competence, the work of this pioneer of cybernetics, who was Stefan Odobleja. These important scientists and philosophers are: Constantin Noica, Mihai Draganescu, Alexandru Surdu, Gheorghe M. Stefan, Constantin Balaceanu, Mihai Golu, Pantelimon Golu, Victor Sahleanu, etc. It is interesting to notice how two scientists who were, at the same time, of science and philosophers (Stefan Odobleja and Norbert Wiener) arrived at very close conclusions in their subjects within a decade. They lived and worked on so for off meridians, originating from very different media.

Arts and Politics in Fifth Century Athens

The 5th century proved to be the height of cultural and intellectual progression in Athens. Athens, during the 5th century, is an emerging powerful city-state whose military and organized political system is recognized by the world. At the pinnacle of democratic government within Athens there has been an undergoing active exchange of intellectual activities hailing from the philosophers and the artists which includes poets, tragedians, sculptors, etc. The cultural and intellectual achievements that happened in Athens are equated with its political institution – democracy (Join Association of Classical Teachers, 2003, p. 284).This struggle is an apparent purpose of influencing the masses through public participation whether in debates, tragedies, or any form of rhetoric to be able to persuade people. Philosophers and poets alike became involved in a politically active environment aimed for political power through intellectual influence. Intellectuals such as Aristotle, Sophocle s, Plato, and Socrates became successful in propagating their respective wisdom in different medium such as tragedies or impromptu debates. The latter is most commonly used by Socrates in which he initiated questions about morality, truth, and freedom to a common man.When most thinkers used rhetoric to get political power and influence, Socrates concentrated on the ethical and morality within debates and critical-thinking. In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has criticized the way intellectuals have run the political unit of Athens. He emphasized that is the men who ruled and implemented the laws who are wrong and not the law itself. From this perspective, the intellectuals who run Athens under corrupt ways can be the reason why Socrates did not participate in the politics of Athens.Instead he reached to the ordinary men to ignite debates and makes them realize how it is to be a good citizen behaving under the laws of morality and the laws of the state. This intellectual struggle betw een the philosophers and the poets might have been the glamorous side of Athens, but it also became the cause of its downfall, as intellectual men clouded by self-interests interpreted the Athenian laws in their own hands, thus, even bringing down their wisest thinker of all time. Reference Joint Association of Classical Teachers. (2003). The World of Athens. UK: Cambridge University Press.

George’s first diary Essay

We’re here now, at the ranch. Our new home, for the time being anyway, until Lennie messes up again! He’s always messing up, losing us our jobs! Stay here, and save the money here instead of always being on the run. He made us lose our last job. That’s why we had to leave. You see, Lennie loves soft things; he loves to stroke them and hold them. One day he saw a girl with a soft dress on. Of course, the first thing Lennie does is touch it. The girl doesn’t realise how stupid he is, (and simple) and thinks he’s going to rape her and she screams. Lennie, being the idiot that he is just holds on and rips the dress! So, that leads to us being chased by a lot of angry people! Now we have to start all over again. If only he weren’t with me. Aw hell, I can’t say that. He’d die without me. And I don’t reckon I’d be doing that great without him either. Who would I have to talk to? Well anyway, on the way to the ranch, the bus driver, being a lazy bastard, wouldn’t take us all the way. We didn’t want to walk all night so we stayed in the brush until morning. It was just a little clearing in the woods with a stream running through it. I told Lennie that if he got in trouble he should come there. Its safe and hidden away so I could easily find him! But if it comes to that, if he messes up again. I’ll kill him, I’m sure I will. I’ve had my full of him and I don’t think I have much patience left! Oh yeah, he made me tell him yet again about the house we’re gonna get. Him and his rabbits. He always makes me remind him about our house and his damned rabbits! I love thinking about what our life will be like too when we get the house but he drives me crazy, having to remind him every two seconds. The thing I’m most looking forward to is not being told what to do. Being my own boss! I can’t wait. We met our workmates today. They seem okay. We got a nigger working with us too. Haven’t met him yet. There’s a guy called Candy. He’s pretty old and a right gossip. Seems nice enough though! The boss seems okay too. Candy says he’s real generous! Though how much I can trust what he says, I don’t know! Curley the boss’s son, on the other hand, he’s horrible. Reminds me of a troublemaker and all the other workers seem to agree! He took one look at us, especially Lennie and started to make trouble. I don’t like the look of him, I just don’t know what I’m gonna do if he starts any trouble. Lennie’s dangerous. This Curley’s married too. Met his wife! A right piece of jailbait if ever I seen one! Lennie liked her. I’ll have to make sure he stays right out her way. She gonna cause us trouble otherwise, I can feel it. Met Slim too. Hell of a nice guy, he is. Seems well respected too. Real nice. I do like having nice workmates but it is worrying, knowing that there’s an evil bastard lurking ’round too! I’ve a bad feeling ’bout Curley, its real bad. George Georges second diary Dear Diary, What a heck of a day! It started off so well. I knew that Curley would be trouble, I said it. He ruined what could’ve been a good day. Started off well. Got to know Slim a little, or, well, he got to know me better. There must be something good about Slim, I must have sensed it ‘coz I told him things ’bout Weed and ’bout the house we’re saving for. He understood Lennie didn’t mean no harm in Weed. He’s fair and knows a ‘nice fella’ when he meets one. He also has a dog. It had pups so I got one for Lennie. Aw, he was so pleased. Petting it and hugging it. I’m a bit worried that he’s gonna pet it too much. Lennie just don’t know his own strength Goddamn it! I felt so sorry for Candy today. You see, he’s got a dog too, but his is old and tired. It’s like Candy’s best friend. Well, Carlson started complaining about the smell of him (the dog) then started talkin’ ’bout shooting him, putting him out of his misery he said. I suppose I agreed at the time but seeing Candy’s face was enough to change anyone’s mind. Slim suggested he have one of the puppies but I’m not sure whether he decided to. Well anyways, Lennie and I thought we were the only ones in the bunkhouse, where we sleep. The others went off to see Curley have a pop at Slim; he thought his wife was with him. I notice he never seems to be able to find her, though she’s always lookin’ for him. So Lennie and I get talking ’bout our house we’re saving for. What we didn’t know was that Candy was there too! Well, I was a bit wary at first. Worried that he would tell the others but then he decided that he wanted to be part of it. Even said he’d put up over half the money we needed! It was great. In a matter of minutes we went from just talking about it, to it being a fast-coming reality! I told him to keep it to himself for the time being until we were ready. It was so exciting. Then, in come Curley and the others and Curley’s ready for a fight. Slim was shouting at him of sleeping with his wife. Anyways, dopey old Lennie’s still sitting there smiling away to himself about the thought of his rabbits, and Curley notices and thinks he’s mocking him and of course picks a fight. He starts punching poor Lennie, and Lennie having listened real hard to what I told him was not fighting back! After a while, I told Lennie to fight back. I couldn’t bear it. He was just yelping like a dog. Anyways, he got scared and just held on tightly to the closest thing at hand, Curley’s fist. He just wouldn’t let go. It was bleeding and everything. We got him off in the end and blackmailed Curley to say he got it caught in a machine. I don’t like this place. It smells of trouble. I can tell. George Crook’s diary Dear Diary, Here I am. Just another day of either being ignored or picked on ‘coz of me being a Negro. I hate this. Day in day out. It’s not fair the way I’m ignored. The others say I smell but I wash more than they all do. My back hurts too. Its seems like its getting worse every day. The liniment don’t seem to be much use either. They call me Crooks too. That ain’t my name. It’s not what my mother gave me and I don’t like it. I can’t say nothing though, I’m just a nigger they keep tellin’ me. I gots a room to myself and I have no one to talk to or play cards with. I’m not even allowed to borrow their cards to play solitaire. It smells in my room. All the shit is kept just under my window and on those hot days, the steam rises into my room and rests on my sheets ready to smother me as I go to sleep. I got another tellin’ off today too. Curley’s hand got hurt in a machine and the boss o’ course blames me. Likes I did it! Not that I wouldn’t mind ruffin’ him a little. He’s a nasty asshole and needs to be brought down a bit. I’d get hung if I did it so I s’pose I better leave to the white men! They all gone to the town today. Their regular Cathouse visit. I’d never be allowed in one of those, at least I don’t reckon I would. They never asked me to go with ’em so I never went. Just in me room, on me lonesome, rubbing me back†¦.. †¦.. Lennie and Candy jus’ been in here! I was a bit funny at first ‘coz I thought Lennie was coming for trouble but no, he said the others had gone and he had jus’ been with his pup. Him and his pup! Oh boy. He loves it so much but he’s not careful. Those big hands o’ his are likely to break that pup one day if he ain’t careful. Anyways, I said he could come in and we got to talking a little. He’s a bit slow. He don’t remember anything you tell him. Just talks ’bout George and his rabbits he’s gonna get when they get a house. He’s all set on getting a house. He wants to tend rabbits! Whenever the subject changed to something other than those rabbits, he went straight back to ’em like we’d been talking ’bout ’em all the time! He’s awful fond o’ that George one. I just said one tiny little thing ’bout George not coming back from town and he went mad. Like I jus’ told him someone had died or something. It took a while to calm him down. Then, Candy comes in too. He’s by my room and I ask him what he wants. I thought he may o’ been wanting to talk too but he was just looking for Lennie. He came in too, though. They talked to each other most but it was nice them just being there. Well, they were talking ’bout their house. Candy was gonna go there too. I thought that I’d ask if I could help. They wouldn’t have to pay me o’ course, just put me up, but before they could answer that bitch walked in. She’s trouble if ever I did see it. She asking ’bout Curley and where he’s at but she knows where! I don’t understand these white folk. Talk about them being so educated and well learned and they ask such stupid questions! Anyways, I asked her to go away real politely mind, the same way any of the boys round here say it when they know she’s looking for trouble. She does her nut and starts yelling ’bout needing people to talk to too! Then she starts telling me she’s gonna tell the boss I been doing bad things and get me strung up. I don’t want to be strung up so I shut up. Candy was nice though. He told her that if she did that he would stick up for me. I ain’t ever known anyone to stick up for me before. Candy then said, when she’d gone, that the boys were coming back. I told ’em they better go. I didn’t want all of those white fellas thinking they can bother me when they like. I gotta have some rights even if I don’t like ’em. I dunno. It’s been a funny day that’s all. I better get back to my liniment. That back o’ mine is just murder. Georges last diary Dear diary, This has been the worst day I’ve ever had and I don’t think I’m’ a ever gonna have a worser one. I had to do it. It weren’t nothing evil. I di’nt wanna hurt him. He was my only friend, more like family and I feel jus’ awful. If you coulda seen her, what he did. If only you coulda seen the other option he woulda had. Curley’s evil way. I suppose I woulda done the same in his place but Lennie di’nt do no harm. At least he never meant none. I feel awful, just awful. He never meant no harm. They may o’ been nice? No, that’s stupid talk. Tha’s the kinda thing Lennie woulda said! He’s a crazy bastard. I mean he was. Oh I feel awful. What will I do now? What can I do? I s’pose the only thing to do is to spend my money the way anyone else would, if they di’nt have a Lennie with ’em. We were just having a game o’ horseshoe. Lennie was in the barn with that damn pup I reckon. I’d left him in the bunkhouse but he ended up there. Anyways, we were all playing and I had no thought to what he was doing. The next thing I knew, Candy was looking all pale and calling me over to the barn. For a second I thought she was just resting. It was the look on Candy’s face that made me guess. I knew what he was thinking and I knew he was right. She was lying there, that good for nothing piece of jailbait, her neck all twisted and face down in the straw. Lennie did it. Crazy bastard. I knew he was the only one, but to think of it was killing me from the inside. I ain’t never felt that before. I suppose in the back of my mind, I always knew he would go too far, that he wasn’t safe and should not o’ been left alone. But I di’nt wanna think like that. Now I had to. From that moment I knew what I had to do and just set about doing it. I knew that I had to get to him before them. I told Candy to make out I never saw this and tell the others and then fetch me. I had to go to the bunkhouse and get Carlson’s Luger. I wasn’t completely sure why first but I realised when I saw him. Candy said he’d do that and I ran out. Next time I saw her ever’ one was there too blaming Lennie for ever’ thing. Curley was shook up and was ready to explode. He scared me looking like that but I had to keep my cool. I had to make it like I was on their side, out to kill for murder. That word sends shivers down me and I know I done it too now. Lennie always said we were the same. All of them ran to get guns to help out Curley. Two-faced that’s what they are. One minute they’re complaining about him and the next they are trying to be his best friend betraying their true friend. Oh I can’t blame ’em really if it weren’t Lennie I reckon I woulda done it too. Anyway Carlson never found his gun. They all thought Lennie had it. Only I knew that Lennie wasn’t so clever to think forward like that! Slim knew what I was doing though. He knew well enough. His face said he knew and was ready to do what he knew was best. I sent Curley in the other direction to where I knew Lennie was. He woulda gone to the brush like I told him too. He always tried to do what I told him. I ran off and found him straight. He was sitting there by the river and was talking to something. He kept saying sorry: Saying he knew I would look after him. He made me tell him about our house for what was to be the last time. I mentioned it, and, he heard it. I told him not to look at me. I was trying to be a man but I couldn’t control my eyes. I was shaking too. I don’t want to write his last moments. I don’t want to have this later and be reminded of the moment my life as I knew it ended. I want to remember Lennie as the Lennie I knew. Not the one I saw moments later. That Lennie will go from me. If I still believed in God (a part of me that was there but now has gone) I would pray to ask Lennie to forgive me but I know that he cannot be in my life because he let this happen. If Lennie was ever here and I could talk to him once more, I’d tell him that I didn’t mean what I said about not wanting him there. That now he isn’t, I feel lost. And last, that he was my friend; my best friend and I wish he was still here.

Eulogy of Piggy Essay

Hello, my name is Ralph. We gather here today to remember our dearest friend, Piggy. Piggy was a misunderstood, brave boy with a big heart, only wanting what was best for his friends, who’s been taken from us by savagery, stupidity and pride. I hadn’t met Piggy before the crash. All I remember was waking up after it happened, and found a boy lying near a tree. When I walked over to him, we introduced each other. I told him my name was Ralph, and waited for a reply in return. But he hesitated to tell me his name was Piggy, as he thought I would I would tease him, but I told him that I would never tease him about it. Later we found the conch to help us locate the other boys who had survived. When we went around introducing ourselves to the others, they weren’t so lenient on teasing Piggy. Piggy was a strong and good hearted boy, especially when the others teased him, took his glasses or talked over him. Even though Jack and his hunters again and again pushed him to the edge, he would stand strong and not lose his temper, and I greatly respect him for not letting his pride or emotions give in to the bullies. Another thing I valued in Piggy was that he was always supportive in the things I did, even if they went wrong or if Jack had something negative to say about it. Piggy had so many good qualities, that no one ever noticed which will be greatly regretted by many. To be truly truthful, Piggy was the closet thingy I had to a best friend, and it kills me to know that I will never see him again, and I guess if he was here with us today, he would say keep you head up Ralph, and everything will be alright. Piggy will be sorely missed.

The Influence of Gangs in Teenagers

Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today†s cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and honorable way of life? The long-range answer to these questions can only be speculated, but in the short term the answer is easier to find. We must find ways and means to effectively implement the various strategies to end gang violence. I believe that three important institutions play a vital role in our struggle to fight gang violence. Some believe that gangs are caused by peer pressure. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by making it all sound glamorous. Other teens will use money as a crucial factor. A kid is shown that they could make a couple of hundred for small part time gang jobs. This includes selling drugs and robbing other people. In other areas like Bronx or the very worst case, Compton, children will be beaten and robbed if they do not join gangs. This is one reason why teens in these areas have to have friends in order for them to survive. Poor parenting also play†s a role why teens turns to gangs. Imagine in poor families with many children or middle-class families where parents are always working, the children will often feel deprived of love and attention. Parents often feel that putting food on the table is enough love. Children of these families may often go to the gang firstly out of boredom and to belong somewhere. As time goes on, a form of love develops between the gang members and the child. It is then that the bond between the kid and the gang is complete because the gang has effectively taken the place of the family. Most parents do not have enough time to talk and listen to their kids. They do not spend any social activities with their children. Even teaching their kids the right values is jeopardizes. Most of the time, parents do not know what their children are doing for two reasons. First, most of the parents† lives is outside the local community, while the children†s lives are lived almost totally within. Second, in a develop community, the passage of relations gives every parent, in a sense, a community of guards who can keep him informed of his child†s activities. In modern living-places, like cities or suburbs, where such a network is abused, he no longer has such sentries. Last but not least is the poor educational system. A lot of students are deprived of basic educations, which includes good skills in reading, writing, and arithmetic. If the educational system somehow ensure that each student actually does have access to equal opportunity for a quality education, then perhaps we will find these kids have a better future that holds something more than quitting school, hanging out in the â€Å"hood†, and making money at selling drugs. This is why gangs are more predominant in public school than private school. I am interested in this issue because I want to find out the best way I could prevent my kids from joining gangs. I do not have any experience growing up in this type of environment. I grew up in a place where gang affiliation is unheard of. This is why this is a major concern for me. These are the major factors why most of the teenagers turn to gangs. I believe that proper parenting plays the major role in preventing kids in joining gangs. Everything starts at home; from teaching your kids the right values and helping them develop self-esteem. Parents should teach their kids to value education because this is their key to better future. Parents should serve as a role model to their children. They should do everything possible to involve their children in supervised, positive group activities. Parent need†s to praise their children when they are doing well and encourage them to do their very best, to stretch their skills to the utmost.

Consumer Driven Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Driven Health Care - Essay Example Consumer Driven Health Care (CDHC) is a three-tier health insurance plan that allows individuals to use their health savings accounts, out-of-pocket payments or health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs), to pay for health care expenses (Collin et. al., 2005). CDHC allows members to pay for health care services in this way while still their health insurance policy pays for more expensive medical expenses. Health Insurance is highly deductable and costs less when used to pay for health care expenses but for routine health care expenses, an individual pays directly for the expenses through a pre funded account provided by a bank or an insurance plan. 2.0 Goal of Consumer Driven Health Care Consumer driven health care gives an individual the opportunity to pay for routine medical expenses using consumer controlled account instead of the highly deductable fixed health insurance. This is an advantage to the patients because it allows them to have a greater control on their health care budgets. In this consumer driven health care plan, individuals have a role in decision making regarding the care they receive. Patients are able to ask about the cost of a treatment and choose a treatment option that is less expensive. This consumer directed health plan also advices employees on cost and selection of quality services, which enables employees to make informed decisions on their health care (Rowe, et. al., 2008, pp.12-19).... care gives an individual the opportunity to pay for routine medical expenses using consumer controlled account instead of the highly deductable fixed health insurance. This is an advantage to the patients because it allows them to have a greater control on their health care budgets. In this consumer driven health care plan, individuals have a role in decision making regarding the care they receive. Patients are able to ask about the cost of a treatment and choose a treatment option that is less expensive. This consumer directed health plan also advices employees on cost and selection of quality services, which enables employees to make informed decisions on their health care (Rowe, et. al., 2008, pp.12-19). Through the national health care plan, low income earners can also enjoy the benefits of having the consumer driven health care plan because they will be able to afford the health care services. Health care providers respond to the high consumer enrollment to the health plan by fu rther providing quality services at cost effective prices. 3.0 Disadvantage of Consumer Driven Health Care Employees that are enrolled into the consumer driven health care plan tend to pay more for health care services because of the out of pocket payment, compared to those enrolled in traditional payment plans (Collins et. al., 2005, pp.8-23). Low income employees are highly negatively affected by this health care payment plan than high income earners. This is because these employees face the risk of high out of pocket payments and most opt not to receive treatment because of the high expenses. This leads to more ill workers that and has a long-term consequence both to the worker and the employer. Delaying or skipping treatment due to high health care costs affects negatively on an

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Essay

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Film (Carlos Saura) - Essay Example In reference to Leonardo as the dark river shows honor and life-death as the connection is fairly clear when the Bride refers to the fatal force of the dark river in contrast to the â€Å"little bit of water. The â€Å"little bit of water symbolizes the Bridegroom from which she hoped for children. Symbolism that in the film, the orange blossoms that the bride wore were fake and waxy which symbolized the fake society in which she lived. In the movie the bride wears the fake orange blossoms to her wedding as it symbolizes her conformity to the society in almost a mocking way.   This goes together with the black dress she wears for the wedding, as if symbolizing her despair and sadness at having to go through with the wedding  when she really loves Leonardo. The lyrics impulse of the play culminates in the film, where the themes of honor and passion are absorbed in the theme of death that which paradoxically is life. The play of double perspective of death that are suggested in the dual manifestation as death is said to be an Old Woman demanding for a crust of bread. In another image Death is said to be white faced and the moon longing for life and seeking in the death of the men is symbolized by a heart, the crest of the fire, and red blood for his cheeks. The ceremony of p reparing the Bride in the church and the festivities preceding the entry of the Bride and Groom in to the bridal chamber. Both lyrics employ the familiar symbol of a flower, branch, and stream and both make visible another thread of symbol that is to become prominent as the themes of pride and passion move toward their ultimate resolution in the theme of death. The symbol of fire is enhanced as it is associated with honor as well passion and death. The horse in the Lullaby is to be identified with Leonardo’s horse and his wounds with the fate of Leonardo is indicated by the action accompanying the song.

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing Research Paper

Assessment Task2 an individual report on international marketing environment assessment - Research Paper Example Facilitating international business and marketing has been the underlying strategy of Australia that is directed towards strengthening the country’s economy and the country has been able to achieve that this far. The study of these factors has also enabled the researcher to determine the major challenges for international marketers as well as major prospects for international marketers in the country. The study concludes that although the Australian marketing environment is associated with certain drawbacks, the benefits and opportunities that it provides to the global marketers outweighs all drawbacks and constraints and makes marketing in Australia a prospective decision. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2.International marketing environment in Australia 5 2.1.Political forces 5 2.2.Economic forces 6 2.3.Financial forces 7 2.4.Social forces 8 2.5.Cultural forces 8 2.6.Technological forces 9 2.7. Legal forces 9 3. Current challenges for international marketers 10 4. Opport unities for international marketers 10 5. Conclusion 11 Reference List 12 1. ... International marketing is the process of marketing on a global scale by integrating or taking commercial advantage of operational differences that can be identified globally as well as the similarities and opportunities present all over the world in order to fulfil objectives as far as expanding internationally is concerned (Baack, Harris and Baack, 2013). The authors have explained that international marketing involves the activity of franchising, exporting and merging or a complete direct entry of a marketing organization into a foreign country. Following this, a company needs to develop a marketing mix specific to the country of expansion as a part of its international marketing strategy (Buckley, 2002). It can be as straightforward as implementing an existing marketing strategy, product mix and tools for export and alongside that, the company can formulate highly complex relationship strategy that includes localization, pricing, regional product offerings, production and distrib ution. Globalization and international marketing caters to meet the needs and requirements of the targeted foreign country whereby a company can export its value, thereby achieving optimization and efficiency in economies of scale and scope as well as facilitating inter-firm and firm learning (Felzensztein et al., 2013). The abovementioned theories explain the importance of international marketing as far as a company’s growth and success strategy is concerned. For a company planning to expand internationally, a detailed judgement of the market prospects along with a thorough evaluation of the PESTEL environment of the target country is pivotal. This is primarily

Information Systems Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Information Systems Strategy - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the identification of the value of information systems within modern organizations proposing at the same time effective strategies so that the use of these systems in business environment to be improved offering the necessary support to the further improvement of organizational performance. The major challenge of this paper is to locate the major problems related with the administration of Information Systems within modern organizations; however if taking into account the fact that each specific business develops its own strategies regarding the gathering, process and distribution of information, then it could be assumed that a general framework in which information systems are developed – referring to modern organization – would be adequate – at least at an initial stage; a more detailed explanation of the role and the methods of development of Information Systems in modern organizations could take place using specific examples of firms or organizations that already operate within the modern market. In fact, two such organizations have been chosen for the above task while a series of other applications of these systems in business sector is presented in order to help towards the understanding of the value of these systems and their contribution to the improvement of organizational performance worldwide. In this context, current study is considered to be of significant importance highlighting the criteria of successful implementation and administration of information systems in modern organizations. It should be noticed that the examination of the value of IS in modern business environment will be conducted referring both to the theoretical and the practical implications of the IS management on organizational performance; for this reason a summary of most common IS management practices will be presented at a first level while a reference to specific organizations

Advise Rodney on course of action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advise Rodney on course of action - Essay Example Rodney can go to a court ÃŽ ¿f law against Derek. An example ÃŽ ¿f a case concerning a true offer is that ÃŽ ¿f Carlill v Carbolic Ball Co (1893). The company was so sure ÃŽ ¿f its smoke balls that they placed advertisements in newspapers stating that it would pay anyone who caught flu  £100 after using its smoke balls as directed. Mrs Carlill bought one ÃŽ ¿f the smoke balls, used it as directed but still caught flu. She claimed the  £100 reward but was refused, so she sued the company in contract. The court held that in this kind ÃŽ ¿f contract, which is known as a unilateral contract, acceptance consists ÃŽ ¿f performing the requested act and notification ÃŽ ¿f acceptance is not necessary. The court concluded that Mrs Carlill was entitled to recover the  £100 reward. An invitation to treat this is were a person holds himself out as ready to receive offers, which he may then either accept or reject, an invitation to treat is not legally binding where as an offer is. For example if a shop displays goods with a price tag attached, this is not an offer to sell but an invitation for customers to make an offer to buy. The Fisher v Bell (1960) case were a shop keeper displayed a flick knife in his shop window. He was charged with offering for sale an offensive weapon contrary to the provisions ÃŽ ¿f the Restriction ÃŽ ¿f Offensive Weapons Act 1959. His conviction was quashed on appeal. The Divisional Court ÃŽ ¿f the Queens Bench Division held that the display ÃŽ ¿f goods with a price ticket attached in a shop window is an invitation to treat and not an offer to sell. This case outlines the difference between an offer and an invitation to treat. In the case ÃŽ ¿f business and commercial agreements, it is automatically presumed that the parties intended to make a legally enforceable contract. It is possible, however, to remove the intention by the inclusion ÃŽ ¿f an express statement to that effect in the agreement. An example ÃŽ ¿f this can be seen in the

Cutural competence and cutural proficency (social work perspective) Essay

Cutural competence and cutural proficency (social work perspective) - Essay Example cultures; value diversity; institutionalizing cultural knowledge, the capability for cultural own assessment; and awareness of the dynamics that are inherent during cultures interaction (Goodson, 2001). The article describes the cultural beliefs, attitudes, awareness’s, biases, and history heritage of people from England and Afghanistan. More so, the discussion focuses on contrasting and comparing the two cultures, checking other social work theories and how to educate organizations and communities. Culture: since the start of British history, various battles and wars placed the Great Britain under the ruling of Vikings, Venetians, Saxons, Normans and Romans. The mixture intensified because of the refugee’s migration from Ireland, Russian and France (Smith, 2007). The result of the blending is several races with distinct statues, builds, cultural habits, hair colors, skin and gastronomy. There are three domineering languages in England: Welsh, Scottish and English. 92% of the populations are white, 3% are black, 1.3% is Pakistan, 1.2% is mixed, and 1.6% is other races. Major religions: 72% are Christians including Presbyterian, Methodist, Anglican and Roman Catholic. 23% are undetermined or unspecified, 3% are Hindu and 2% are other denominations. In 1998, at least 20% of the total population believed in God, 15 percent were agnostics and 10 percent were atheists (Goodson, 2001). Nevertheless, the principal religious traditions in England are Buddhism, Judaism, Sikhism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. In the recent era, there are a cult and pagan religions such as Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, and goddess religion, among others. Awareness and education: the models of learning in England involve the direct interaction between a child and a parent or teacher. Major ceremonies for secular initiation for young adults and children are present in the educational clubs and process. Afghanistan is mountainous and landlocked, which has undergone