Understanding the different leadership styles

Understanding the different leadership styles There are two separate views relating to leadership styles: one view holds that leaders are born. The qualities they embody are unlimited. Other concept is that in order to emerge as leaders, humans need to work hard and develop these qualities (Golden 2010, 66-75). The great man theory demonstrates the previous concept and explains that the leaders intrinsically possess personality traits. This concept assumes that a leader naturally possess the required skills that allows him to perform. While adapting this concept, scholars analyse specific problems or tasks and provide leadership styles for addressing them (Crosby 1991, 25-46). Many people have observed the behaviour of leaders, the affect of situation on leadership, the functions of leadership, as well as dynamic processes and contingencies. Both the economic model as well as behavioural perspective examines leadership as a role whose purpose is to help an organisation to be more adaptable. Leadership can help an organisation in pursuing towards adaptive change (Golden 2010, 66-75). Discussion Leadership is a term used to describe the act of transforming, inspiring, mentoring, coordinating, and managing people toward an individuals, a groups, an organizations, a communitys, or a nation-states vision, goals, and objectives. In organization studies, leadership is acknowledged as an important concept, but there is great debate about what leadership actually is and how it occurs and evolves (Golden 2010, 66-75). Typically leadership theory in organization studies is spread across a wide spread of perspectives. These perspectives offer differing views and underlying assumptions about leadership, including leadership as a genetic ability or trait that one is born with, leadership as a specific form of behaviour, leadership as process or a way of thinking that is socially acquired, and leadership as a contingent product of environment. Within these perspectives, there are debates about the very need or existence of leadership (Crosby 1991, 25-46). For example, dispersed leadershi p theory argues that leadership is a form of power that is everywhere and always present. Conversely some contingency-based notions of leadership argue that leadership can be substituted for and made obsolete or redundant. More important, leadership as a field of study is vast and can be a daunting domain of study for newcomers to the field. Part of the challenge for people studying and researching leadership is the high volume of leadership theories and perspectives available (Miller 2007, 56-98). The aim of this encyclopaedic entry, therefore, is to provide a general overview of leadership specific to organization studies for a reader. Conceptual and Practical Approaches to Leadership Few things are more important to human commotion than leadership. People, regardless of their occupation, education, political or religious convictions, or cultural orientation, usually identify that leadership is a vastly significant fact. Political individuals declare it, analysts talk about it and organisations depend on it (Haber 2010, 94-130). Effective leadership leads nations in times of threat, encourages effective team and group performance, creates successful organisations and helps in nurturing the next generation (Morrill 2010, 110-138). The Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II, Winston Churchill, was able to stimulate the resolution of his tormented people with these words: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. The absence of leadership can be equally dramatic; organisations progress slowly, languish, and sometimes even lose their way. Bad leadership can disseminate despair on those who are focus of its realm (Komives et al 2010, 156-184). Vroom and Jago identified 3 different functions that situational factors play in the effectiveness of leadership, that is, effectiveness of an organisation is not usually the result of good leadership techniques (Morrill 2010, 110-138). Outcomes of any group effort can be affected by situational factors that may be beyond the control of a leader. However, leaders receive credit or blame for the actions of the people, success or failure is usually the consequence of external forces, that is, changing technologies, or environmental conditions etc. An analysis carried out by Strube and Garcia establishes that leaders who are task-oriented perform best in situations that are either favourable (clear tasks, firm position power, and good leader/member relations) or unfavourable (unclear tasks, feeble position power, and poor leader/member relations) (Haber 2010, 94-130). On the other hand, leaders who are people-oriented perform best in conditions that are only slightly favourable, which is usually based on the value of leader-member relations. Another approach that deals with the relation between the situation and leadership style is path-goal theory (Komives et al 2010, 156-184). According to this approach, path is referred to the leaders behaviours which may help the team to achieve a desired goal. Therefore, leaders must display different behaviours to achieve different goals, depending on the situation. Which style of leadership should be used depends on two types of situational factors, such as, subordinate characteristics, which includes ability, control, and authority; and environmental characteristics, which include the nature of the task, work group, and authority system (Pitsis 2007, 100-156). Studies of different organisations establishes that task-oriented approaches are effective in conditions with low task structure as they help employees deal with an uncertain situation, and ineffective in conditions with high task structure (Haber 2010, 94-130). The researchers found participatory leadership to be more effective if the employees were involved in non-repetitive, ego-involving tasks. However, achievement-oriented leadership has been more effective if the employees were involved in uncertain tasks. An obvious implication of this approach is that leaders must analyse the situation before adopting a particular style of leadership (Hicks 2004, 88-150). Globalisation and Leadership The gradual increase in the globalisation has influenced leadership in several ways. Globalisation has influenced leadership with international employee transfer rates, increase in opportunities, and competition (Komives et al 2010, 156-184). Effective leadership in one country may not result in good leadership in another country for many reasons. A good leader may be blessed with certain traits that are preferred in a country, and these traits or habits may not be accepted or held highly in another country. Nations have their own social standards and cultures, and this is vital while considering leadership. A leader with the vast knowledge of a countrys ethics, customs, and beliefs and basic leadership skills may prove to be a beneficial leader to a business in another country (Hicks 2004, 88-150). A leader can have several skills that may make them successful in the world. These skills are awareness, strong business knowledge and sensitivity to cultural differences and standards, commitment, courage, and integrity. A good leader may not necessarily be a good leader in any country until he has good work ethics, professional and personal integrity and determination. If the leader is understands the cultural standards of a country and shows respect for these standards, he may be effective and may be respected by the country he is trying to lead (Pitsis 2007, 100-156). Innovation and Leadership Traditionally, innovation has dangled in and out of fashion: accepted in good times and discarded in downturns. However, as globalisation reduces the geographic boundaries and barriers in the market that once held back businesses from achieving potential, a companys capability to innovate-to tap the fresh value-creating concepts of the employees and partners, suppliers, customers, and other parties away from its own boundaries-is anything but faddish. Innovation has become a hub of growth, performance, and valuation. Strategy and Leadership As a leader responsible for the competitive development of your organisation, as well as a desire to keep ahead of the game, you have a responsibility to ensure that you are fully aware of new strategies and developments that can impact upon your personal growth as a leader of others (Hicks 2004, 88-150). The basic task of strategic thinking is to relate the identity of an institution to the realities that shape and influence its context. In the complex process of relating these two poles, there is the need and the opportunity to use strategic thinking as a tool of leadership. The tasks of leadership and strategic thinking overlap and intertwine, as becomes evident in a variety of forms (Miller 2007, 56-98). Developing Originality in Leadership Capabilities A leader must be able to create an Inspiring Vision Lead by Example. A leader must develop an inspiring vision; establish shared values; give direction and set stretch goals. He must enable himself to manage change strategically, take risks, create change; lead change; manage resistance to change and lead by example; practice what you preach; set an example, and share risks or hardship, demonstrate confidence; win respect and trust without courting popularity (Hicks 2004, 88-150). Conclusion Irrespective of what leadership theory one might believe in, the fact remains that leadership is a large and complex domain within organization studies. The field is overburdened and growing with old and new models of leadership, and little attempt has been made to debate or critique the very existence and validity of so many leadership theories and models (Miller 2007, 56-98). Rather than understanding leadership as a position or an inherent trait, leadership is understood as an activity or process that involves the development of certain skills or capacities. While leadership differs in many ways from management, it is imperative that both functions exist and complement one another. Leadership is ultimately what will lead to innovation and positive change, and management assists in this process. To address the complex and adaptive challenges our society is facing today and will face in the future, we must find new ways to view leadership and engage in leadership in our organizations. A number of progressive leadership models and perspectives were presented, reflecting leadership as a process, highlighting the leader-follower relationship, recognizing the role of the larger system, stressing the importance of collaboration, emphasizing the role of ethics, and serving the ultimate goal of creating positive change. APPENDIX MY PERSONAL SWOT STRENGTHS Trustworthy- I always find myself committed towards my job or task Confident- because of my confidence I had taken many decisions at my work and volunteer work too. Proactive- I always tried to complete the tasks on time with full involvement Calm- I always try to work calmly especially when there is some work load Honest- I always consider my honesty beyond everything which is really important in the corporate world WEAKNESS Time management Major weakness that I consider in me is time management. Writing Skills- Average individual in writing formal work. Feedback from the tutors made me realise about this weakness. Lazy Try to postpone work for tomorrow and had suffered a lot because of my laziness in my academics. Speaking There are some grammatical mistakes with speaking OPPORTUNITIES Feedback- a really important opportunity that helps to make changes either in me or in the way I work. An immediate tool which helps in improving the weaknesses Group Discussions- It helps in listening others views about a particular situation and to take decisions accordingly Presentations Its an opportunity where I can improve my speaking skills and it is the best chance to make a good time management Projects/ Assignments Projects help in improving the writing skills and can be reviewed after the results are out. A deadline for the assignment helps to make time management and reduce laziness. Debates An opportunity where speaking skills can be improved because debate is a way to express our own views and helps in motivating ourselves THREATS Companions Students in the same field, colleagues at work place are sometime becomes threat when competition is high. But confidence and calm nature will help me in facing the problems caused by a threat Time pressure Sometimes the deadlines for a task is really close which effects psychologically and an individual becomes panic and start doing wrong things. Proactive and cool behaviour will help me in taking decisions according to the situation

Development of Character in Cormac McCarthys All the Pretty Horses Ess

Development of Character in Cormac McCarthy's All the Pretty Horses In a journey across the vast untamed country of Mexico, Cormac McCarthy introduces All the Pretty Horses, a bittersweet and profoundly moving tale of love, hate, disappointments, joy, and redemption. John Grady sets out on horseback to Mexico with his best friend Lacey Rawlins in search of the cowboy lifestyle. His journey leaves John wiser but saddened, yet out of this heartbreak comes the resilience of a man who has claimed his place in the world as a true cowboy. In his journey John’s character changes and develops throughout the novel to have more of a personal relationship with the horses and Mother Nature. He changes from a young boy who knows nothing of the world except â€Å"all the pretty horses† to an adolescent who is forced to acknowledge, that the real world is not so simple like horses and finally to a young man who realizes that men are very violent and unpredictable. Throughout this journey of self-discovery, the one constant in his life is his bound wit h horses, a complex relationship that exist on many levels: they transport him into Mexico and into his adolescent life, and also exist as a companion to take refuge in. His intimacy and interaction with horses and Mother Nature acts as a catalyst for his development of a man throughout this novel. McCarthy’s illustration of John’s character in the first chapter shows how boyish and naive he really is. He has a hard time realizing that many people don’t share the same simple views as he does; to own a ranch in western Texas. â€Å"Son, not everybody thinks that life on a cattle ranch in west Texas is the second best thing to dying and goin to heaven.† His boyish outlook towards life portrays him as a naive... ...s actually sandwiched between the two horses as he is riding of into the sunset. He chooses the life of Mother Nature and the horses because life with them was much more simple and understanding than life in a society full of violent and unpredictable men. But, does he really choose Mother Nature over society? The last sentence seems to contradict the first part of this paragraph. As a reader we are left with McCarthy’s last words, â€Å"Passed and paled into the darkening land, the world to come.† Maybe this is the end of John. As he is sandwiched in-between these two horses riding off into the sunset they are transporting him â€Å"into the darkening land.† Although, throughout the novel we see John’s character develop into a young man, who understands Mother Nature. McCarthy leaves us bewildered to what he is really thinking. McCarthy leaves that up to the reader to decide.

The Significance of the Open-Source Act and Linux Essay -- Exploratory

The Significance of the Open-Source Act and Linux In the 1980's hardly anyone knew what a DOS attack was, most people hadn't ever seen a computer. There was one great OS for companies back then, UNIX. Unix was commercially made, very expensive, but was a very strong Operating System. Because of the price of equipment, many people wouldn't get into computers, but there was no reason to. Nothing of great significance was stored on computers. By 1985, computers hit the mainstream, providing many universities with links to each other and their libraries. This all came along with the invention of the Internet. Suddenly there was a great amount of information available to those who had access. There were many people who wanted to have the information these universities had, and they tried to get it any way possible. Within almost no time an underground culture started to spawn on the net. This underground consisted of many different type of people: Hackers, someone who exploits security for their benefits; Crackers, someone who breaks software to get it for free; Phreakers, someone who hacks the phone system; and other various, less significant others. These people alone were useless, but once the Internet had connected them, they are allowed to do what they want, when they want. Most of them were stuck with early versions of Microsoft Windows, or Unix. In 1986, another big boom caused the internet-underground to increase in size. Congress passed what is known as the "Open-Source Act." It allowed any code that was made open source to be edited by anyone, as long as the copyrights remained intact in the source-code. Suddenly there were thousands of the underground types getting into programming more than ever. With every... ...s are sure to surface. And with many companies producing versions of Linux, more and more people switch to it over Windows. Any software you use on your Mac, PC, or Unix can be ran on Linux, which causes more people to switch there. Everyone who opens up X Windows, the GUI in Linux, will almost unsurably notice the Source-Code compilers and examples in the startup menu. If just one out of a hundred of those tries to run it, and one out of a hundred of them keeps at it, there will be many more open-source programs out, most of them not made to better the world. Works Cited: Raymond, Eric. The New Hacker's Dictionary. Online: http://info.astrian.net/jargon/Local/, Perodically Updated Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral And The Bazaar. 2001 Verton, Dan. The Hacker Diaries. Osborne McGraw-Hill 2002 Thomas, Douglas. Hacker Culture. Univ of Minnesota Pr. 2002 The Significance of the Open-Source Act and Linux Essay -- Exploratory The Significance of the Open-Source Act and Linux In the 1980's hardly anyone knew what a DOS attack was, most people hadn't ever seen a computer. There was one great OS for companies back then, UNIX. Unix was commercially made, very expensive, but was a very strong Operating System. Because of the price of equipment, many people wouldn't get into computers, but there was no reason to. Nothing of great significance was stored on computers. By 1985, computers hit the mainstream, providing many universities with links to each other and their libraries. This all came along with the invention of the Internet. Suddenly there was a great amount of information available to those who had access. There were many people who wanted to have the information these universities had, and they tried to get it any way possible. Within almost no time an underground culture started to spawn on the net. This underground consisted of many different type of people: Hackers, someone who exploits security for their benefits; Crackers, someone who breaks software to get it for free; Phreakers, someone who hacks the phone system; and other various, less significant others. These people alone were useless, but once the Internet had connected them, they are allowed to do what they want, when they want. Most of them were stuck with early versions of Microsoft Windows, or Unix. In 1986, another big boom caused the internet-underground to increase in size. Congress passed what is known as the "Open-Source Act." It allowed any code that was made open source to be edited by anyone, as long as the copyrights remained intact in the source-code. Suddenly there were thousands of the underground types getting into programming more than ever. With every... ...s are sure to surface. And with many companies producing versions of Linux, more and more people switch to it over Windows. Any software you use on your Mac, PC, or Unix can be ran on Linux, which causes more people to switch there. Everyone who opens up X Windows, the GUI in Linux, will almost unsurably notice the Source-Code compilers and examples in the startup menu. If just one out of a hundred of those tries to run it, and one out of a hundred of them keeps at it, there will be many more open-source programs out, most of them not made to better the world. Works Cited: Raymond, Eric. The New Hacker's Dictionary. Online: http://info.astrian.net/jargon/Local/, Perodically Updated Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral And The Bazaar. 2001 Verton, Dan. The Hacker Diaries. Osborne McGraw-Hill 2002 Thomas, Douglas. Hacker Culture. Univ of Minnesota Pr. 2002

Sports Violence in Relation to Preserving Values in Society Essay

Bench clearing brawls in baseball, bloody hockey fights, soccer mobs, post-game sports riots, and increasing injuries are all images of today’s sports that are familiar to us. In recent years players and fans alike have shown increased aggression when it comes to sporting events. One of the most disturbing trends in sports is the increasing frequency and severity of violence. Injuries and deaths among participants are on the rise, as are injuries and deaths among fans and spectators. Violence in sports is an important issue because sports themselves are an important aspect in our lives and the society we live in. Their importance, however, should not be greater than our concern about preserving the values and aspects of our society. The problem of sports violence has become a worldwide phenomenon, that is an unacceptable, growing social problem. Sports violence can be defined as behavior by a player, coach, or fan that is intended to inflict pain or cause injury (Berger 8). Sports violence causes harm, breaks the rules of the game, and is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the sport. Leonard identifies two forms of aggression in sports: Instrumental aggression, which is non-emotional and task-oriented and reactive aggression, which has an underlying emotional component, with harm as its goal(165). Violence is the outcome of reactive aggression. There are three major theories of aggression in sports: The biological theory, psychological theory, and the social learning theory(Leonard 170-171). The biological theory sees aggression as a basic, innate human characteristic, in which sports is seen as a socially acceptable way to discharge built-up aggression(170). The psychological theo... ...ect for authority, but that we have lost respect for each other. Our society’s preoccupation with winning has caused sports stars to play with the intensity of emotion, which leads to violence. While most occurrences of violence come from players, others, including coaches, parents, fans, and the media, also contribute to the increasing violence in sports today. Fans seem to emulate the violence they watch in sports and spectator violence is increasing as participant injuries rise(Yeager 11). Mass media contributes to the acceptability of sports. It provides exposure to sports-related violence via television, magazines, newspapers, and radio, which provides many examples to children who may imitate such behavior. Also it often glamorizes players who are controversial and aggressive. Reading this, I couldn’t help but think of the honorable Mike Tyson.

Pop Art

Beginning from England in mid asses and from USA in asses. Instead of traditional objects turning to art elements, Pop art were considered along with the spreading out of marketing corporations, concentrating on everyday objects through the application of technical trade. Meanwhile, it was in the tense period of societies across the globe, colonial issues, democratic struggle and liberation, race relations, women's rights, etc. Rated some challenges among college students and intellectuals, required to reassess the values of life. Artists selected images through popular trends, such as movies, comics, advertisements, especially on the medias. By using what was called â€Å"flashy† as a basis of art. Therefore, at some points some works of Pop artists were exalted to distinguish between â€Å"Intellectuals† and â€Å"low- educated† In art aspect. The essential meaning behind Pop Art Is created an Immediately deliverable sense to every class In society, It opposite ly different from the esoteric oil paintings assessed and admired by art experts.To instantaneously achieve the goals, Pop Art artists experienced with some new commercial methods, such as painting, acrylic, collage on canvas by using conventional materials and silkscreen printing. In addition, the high quality of work is immediately recognized on the media or largely in popularity, such as consumer goods, advertising graphics, magazines, television, films, animation, comics. The subjects were presented with high contrast, intuition and attraction In public.Many Pop-art artists continued the traditional Idea of â€Å"art Ideation†. They highly put the Influential of their works more than concerning bout how to create them, As long as the popularity still approves Elvis, Marilyn Monroe, and other famous celebrities, as well as food labels, international brands, etc. They are become the main object of Pop Art. Pop Art is considered as a tool entering the world of painting art a nd sculpture to most of conventional people. For them, it is something they can immediately recognize and evaluate a work of art.They can like it or do not, but it does not make them have to worried about not seeing the beauty of a work that someone supposed a masterpiece of art. Pop Art seeks the reflection of social valuation and context where it was born. Therefore, pop artist focuses on the everyday concerns: foods, cars, money and sex. As the result, they need to use lost of daily images or sarcasms having strong visual Impacts. If criticized for related problems from themselves, they simply said that â€Å"holding the mirror up to nature – Reflecting the fact.Initially Pop Art course received scorn words from art critics. Example, Harold Rosenberg, an influential critic in the field of contemporary art has been described as hat art should care, that is coming from what is in the society where it was born, and the most important thing in Pop Art is it continues to remai n one of the most popular styles of art. If the value of art is Judged by the price of the famous paintings, so the painting â€Å"False Start† (1959) by Jasper Johns was sold in 2006 for $ 80 million, is became one of the most 10 expensive paintings in history.The most important artist of Pop Art in the half of the twentieth century probably is Andy Warhol. He was successful in both of fields of magazine and ad illustrator. He also created hundreds of art forms including performance art, flimflamming, writing, etc. In 1960, Andy Warhol had decided to stir in the art's world, He debuted the concept of painting that focused in mass produced commercial goals. Warhol began with Coke bottles and comic strips.Later that year, a friend suggested Warhol paint something that was so common, perhaps something like money and a can of soup, So he decided to paint cans of Campbell Soup. There were many flavors of Campbell Soup at that time. Warhol bought all the different kinds. Then he s pent hours copying he cans on a white background. He painted the cans several time, each can was slightly different from the next. He displayed his canvases of Campbell soup, one canvas for each of the 32 types.He sold all the paintings as a set for a $1000, bringing both Warhol and Pop Art into the worldwide spotlight. But in July 1962, Warhol found the process of silk screening that could help him make his paintings faster on canvas. This technique allowing one silk-screen to create similar patterns several times, because of uses a specially prepared section of silk as stencil, and Warhol would use this style for the rest of his life. He started making paintings of celebrities straightaway, most significantly a large collection of paintings of Marilyn Monroe.Like everyone else in America, Warhol was fascinated by movie starts like Marilyn Monroe, who died from an overdose of sleeping pills. Specially upon hearing she passing, Andy Warhol decided to construct a work of art aim to d edication to her. The image he uses of Monroe is a publicity photograph from the movie Niagara. The diptych style is taken form the Byzantine icons of Christian saints. Warhol was placed 50 images all the same of the actress, in grid of 5 rows and 10 columns. The 25 images on the left side of the artwork are all in impressive color.On the other hand, the 25 images on the right side are all in black and white, with some of the images being blurring and the actress's face barely seen, show the obviously contrast to the bright color of the left side. The strip of pictures in this work suggests the sequential images of film, the medium that made Monroe famous and the process of changing from color to black and white to almost nothing is meant to illustrate her fife and then finally to her death, as the star's demise.

Plastic Water Bottles Essay

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to stop using plastic bottles because of the health concerns and its harmful effects on the environment. Introduction: How many people know that in the Pacific Ocean there’s a huge island consisting of plastic bags, bottles, and even toys that’s estimated to be twice the size of Texas? For those you didn’t know now you do, environmentalists refer to this island as the Great Plastic Vortex. As plastic use increases, the vortex will only grow more and more. In 2007 8. billion tons of bottled waters were sold, so the number of plastic water bottles is only increasing and ends up accumulating to the great plastic vortex. We can start helping the environment by stopping the usage of plastic water bottles. Thesis statement: Plastic water bottles are being questioned about their safety to both our health and our environment as well. Preview: Today, we will discuss the problems that come about with plastic water bottles and the causes and solutions to help our health and our environment as well. Body: I. There are multiple problems with plastic water bottles, which include danger to people’s health and the harmful effects to our environment. A. Plastic bottles contain a toxin called BPA, which can be a danger to our health. 1. According to Kate Barrett from ABC News, retrieved on April 15, 2008, a report found that exposure to this toxin could have effects on young children and infants by causing changes in the brain development. 2. As we are being exposed to this toxin at younger ages, we stand a higher risk of diseases and health problems. B. There are several ways in which plastic bottles are harmful to the environment. In an article on October 29, 2007 issue of Blast Magazine, Jack Bell says and I quote plastic generates toxic emissions and pollutants that contribute to global warming. 2. As a result of this, promoting the usage of plastic bottles will only create more chaos to our environment. Transition: The problems of the BPA’s potential to harm people combined with the dangerous effects of plastic water bottles on the environment can be associated with two main causes, which we will now go into. I. The two specific causes can be identified as: consumer’s ignorance and the producers lack of responsibility. A.  Consumers have certain habits that don’t even faze them; it is in fact second nature to them. 1. Plastic water bottles are meant for one time use only, yet tons of people reuse them. Most of us think using the same bottle again helps the environment as well as saves us money, but it may be costing us our health. 2. According to the â€Å"Time Magazine†, Lisa Cullen says, plastic bottles are meant for disposable and for one time use only. Reusing them causes bacteria to build up, spreading it throughout the mouth. B. The food and drug administration has deemed BPA safe, but studies and research doubt their decision. 1.  According to the â€Å"Time Magazine†, Bryan Walsh states this toxin might be linked to a variety of diseases, such as cancer and reproductive problems. 2. Even though the FDA has been unintentionally endorsing the use of this chemical, they have been effectively exposing people. Transition: Now that we have explored the causes, we examine the solutions we can do ourselves personally. II. Most of the solutions have to do with a little bit of self -effort. A. One solution is to write to the members of congress, the FDA, and/or the governor to urge for stricter regulations for bottled water labeling, public disclosure, and safety. .The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) recommends writing to producers to display information about whether it has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. 2. According to the natural resources defense council there approach will be to write about setting strict limits about contamination and bacteria. B. Another solution is to try to use a non-plastic water bottle. It is recommended that people try to change to either stainless steel or aluminum water bottles. Conclusion: I. Conclusively, now you are aware of the dangers of plastic, more importantly plastic water bottles. With a better understanding of what is causing these problems-consumers ignorance as well as the producers lack of responsibility- we can concentrate on solving this threat. II. As more and more water bottles are disposed, they are only adding to the already giant land fields of plastic bottles. As more and more people drink from water bottles, it is only causing a higher risk for health problems. III. We can take from this as a realization- we need to start doing our part to help save our environment as well as our health.

Australian artist

The everyday phenomenon or contemporary art is art made since World War II or the art made or produced at the current point in time. Since 20th century the common concern was and is what constitutes of art. Contemporary art is not always easy for it takes a person to the heart of many ideologies and issues. And for our case it helps Australian populace to know their past, present and future. (Crosskey 77) National identity was an issue the Australians argued about in 1990s the symbols, images representing Australians experience and history.Artists focus on symbols or issues that we ourselves do not treat with seriousness e. g. suburban houses or even acknowledgement of indigenous Australians experiences. Art display welcomes questions but also a reflection of values, history and lifestyle. (Daly 188) Australian Art Australian aboriginal art and post colonial art are classified under art of Australia. In both western traditions and indigenous traditions Australia has produced distingu ished artists. The uniting subject for both histories of Australian art is the sacredness and importance of the land. (Smith 42) Early colonial art when taken to Europe was received with skepticism.John Lewin was the first resident professional Australian artist; he arrived in 1800 and had two publications on natural history of art. In natural history, in 830 especially there was some ethnographic portraiture of Aboriginals. (Lindsay 138) There has been a gradual change since 1788 in Australian art from a European sense of light to an Australian one. Lighting sense in European differ from Australian this is reflected on early attempts at landscapes. In 1835 to 1878 Conrad Martens a professional artist painted many landscapes which made him financially successful.His work on landscape was regarded softened so as to fit European emotional response. John Glover was another significant landscape artist of this era. (Pratt 69, 240) In 1840s attempts of art exhibitions were made and manag ed to attract some artists but there financial difficulties. Regular exhibition became popularized by 1850s with huge display of various arts. (Lindsay 138) Decorative art such as water color painting, miniature, and functional objects such as urns, before second war I became more popular in Australia.Modernist art after World War I began to be felt and cause disputes between detractors and its practitioners. (Wood 30) Archibald Prize the most famed art prize was founded in 1921 even though definition of portraiture has always yielded to disagreements. There was evident cross pollination of Aboriginal and western art in 1930s and 1940s, after Australian interior was opened. (Art Gallery of New South Wales 19-22) Artists in 1940s began to try other styles such as Surrealism and others. John Brack brought to attention suburban landscape; there was an increased landscape painting.Brett Whitely a Sydney artist was one of the known painters till his passing away in 1992. (Biennale of Syd ney, 102) Papunya Tula School or ‘dot art’ developed after Geoffrey Bardon a teacher in 1971-1972 motivated the Aboriginal people of Papunya to paint their dream time narratives on canvas, one of well known artist of ‘dot art’ is Clifford Possum. Dot Art style art has become well recognized through out the world. Some of well known contemporary Australian artist have progressively used video and photography i. e. Tracy Moffat in their work. (Art Gallery of New 50-62)Aboriginal artists that make use of western in-between have been recognized internationally and seen as recent time great painters’ example being Freddy Timms. The Australian war memorial has some authorized war artists such as Rick Amor and others for East Timor peacekeeping mission, Lewis Miller in the 2003 Iraq War. (Bosch 90) Artists Imants Tiller Diaspora of Imants Tiller art took an everyday phenomenon that was overlooked. Diaspora means a dispersal of populace of same national beli efs or origin. Diaspora was a series of Imants Tillers in 1990s which he described as a new exemplar in his work.His four painting were relating to displacement of persons from their original land of your birth due to colonization and dissimilar cultures combination which makes the most part of the narratives and legacies of these societies in the 20th century. For people in Australian and New Zealand countries Diaspora is inbuilt in creation of the society that they are today. (McCulloch 776) Imants paintings were Diaspora 1992, Izklied 1994, Paradiso 1994 and farewell to reason 1996. The thing that was conspicuous about Tillers paintings was the way one big painting had small one next to each other.The impression that is created by Tillers different interaction of his four art works is that one of worlds within worlds, moving in numerous courses within each work and from one to another. This works are in relation to Till ongoing interest to turn over professed ideologies on periph ery and centre of North America and Europe and on one side and comparatively indistinguishable places on the â€Å"world stage’ e. g. Lavitia, Australia, and New Zealand. While the liberty of Baltic States was a facilitator for Tillers four series, his works integrate a broader concentration in the insider/outsider puzzle across boundaries.(McCulloch 776) His work also notes reoccurring cycles of loss, new beginnings and require admitting varied voices. A non-Balt or Balt that observed the great pro- independence protests in 1988 to 1991 will not remember them and the great moving impact they had; the tears, the songs, the sense of liberation as populace were able to utter open things which in forty years they were afraid even to sigh in secret; ‘For you shall know the truth and it will set you free’ Anatol Lievin. (Rowley 192-193) Diaspora 1992Tillers painting Diaspora 1992 was a reaction to the theoretical political events in 1990 in Lavitia (Home nation to hi s parents). Tillers connection with Lavitia was unclear his alertness of an innate culture and the image was of the past, were constants in his childhood. They moved from Lavitia to Siberia in Baltic State which emerged after collapse of Soviet Union as refugee due to colonization. This led to Tillers outstanding sudden turnaround. (McCulloch 776) The painting that Tiller exhibited in Melbourne, at a Gallery was his first to enter Diaspora collection.This work included many references i. e. fragments of images, images, symbols and words from more than twenty works of art of eleven artists from dissimilar art chronological periods and dissimilar cultures. Pierre Restany commented: ‘The spectator witnesses an unfolding of coded messages and secret references, imprecations and fragments of ex-votos, making up the flux, or rather the weave of collective memory. ’ (Rowley 192-193) Izkliede 1994 Izkliede 1994 was created with Australian spectators in mind. It composed of many small pictures like in Diaspora 1992.Tillers second art has elements in moving up and downward in instabilities performances; this can be translated as globe further than the purely purposeful and rational features of reality. Rudolf Steiner has described it, ‘what is essential is the fact that the visualizations liberate the soul from dependence on the physical. ’ Izeklied can have many meaning like a language. Swastika on the inflammatory matchbox symbol when it adopted by the Nazis caused people to die in millions, for over 3000 years the symbol had been used in many cultures symbolize life, sun and good luck.(Curnow 148) In Izklied there is Joseph Stalin’s head portraying political image and is surrounded by shapeless masses. When this piece was displayed in Sherman Galleries in 1994 it made a lot of impact to those who saw the piece. By the moment Tillers painted his version the Cold War it had already ended. In Tillers title he suggests that many other bat tles were in the mind of many people this included the need to take precaution and protect the surrounding through out the world. ‘Let us posses one world, each has one, and is one’ this writing on the piece gave it new energy.(Curnow 148) Paradiso 1994 Paradiso 1994 is the third work of Tillers in Diaspora. Its context was relations in a disjointed world. His third work was reflecting on relocated people hope for a new ‘promised land’ after going through various problems. This notion or though was never a reality though the displaced people were freed from day to day domination in their own country. The situation was very tough in the countries they took refuge in as they tried to go on with their lives. This ideology of paradise, is connected with faith; gone astray, found and longed for.Tillers slots in Meka’s book and his words writings ‘We are dreaming of bread and liberty We’ll dream the same when we die Hungry, imprisoned, enslave d And scattered across the face of the earth’(Rowley, 192-193) Farewell for Reason 1996 In Farewell for Reason 1996, they are many secret codes that speak about mortality and rites across diverse cultures. In farewell to reason the idea of recycling is seen because of the panels on the top left and right, in bold letters ‘see’ and ‘surf’. His adaptation of the words such as ‘surf’ an abbreviation for ‘surfeit’ it has profaned and sacred implications.This work was the last on Diaspora by Tillers. (Rowley 192-193) Finally Diaspora series advocate that social, cultural and local specificities influence language and the manner we think, difference of culture is there for us to come to grips with it, coexistence is a procedure of becoming that is incessantly developing. (Curnow 48) Gordon Bennett and Peter Robinson Peter Robinson and Gordon Bennett in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the have had the intention of commenting, expos ing and reflecting on the occurrences of New Zealanders and Australians.Their works describe and state current day culture, considering the creation of country societies and histories after the colonial rule and also look into the function of an artist in the modern art industry. (Benjamin 127) The both have dissimilar degree of aboriginal descent in their personal past and this has manifested in production of the two artists work. Robison at first gained skills as a sculptor and Bennett work was on painting. Their origin has played a great role in their work for it is divergent in the art world and from how they define their own identity.They do not agree to be called native artists; they prefer their art not to be weighed down by the descriptions of others. In each artist art work there are some visible elements such as native history, post European arrival and the impact of social politics and conflict with the awful nature and other cultural and current experiences. (Benjamin 12 7) Their works have been displayed in Three Colors Exhibition and Catalogue basically to give their work closeness rather than compare the two.They both knew very little about the components work for they had not met prior, but Three Colors gave them this opportunity for their art to talk to each other. In compassion with Ross Gibson's portrayal of a physical but also a thought of ‘badland’, ‘†¦ a disturbing place that you feel compelled to revisit despite all your wishes for comfort or complacency’ Robison and Bennett react to and involve their cultures, to address problems that are likely to be ignored or serve that risk. Their approaches of art make us to keenly look at the difficult issues at hand (Cambridge 34-40)Bennett’s expression on the abstract notion of identity bothered specific conformist views that regarded the native Australians, the hegemonic perspective of native culture and past as formulated by the colonial dialogue, and broug ht close concentration to the widespread implication of such deliberating for viewer and subject. Bennett’s early works seemed to have a liberating sense, for they confronted the Anglo-Saxon Australian description of history seeking to acknowledgement, motivate understanding and re-examining of approach and communal actions.(Cambridge 34-40) The Coming of light 1987 this is an indication of Bennett’s early works which was filled with anger i. e. a sarcastic tone going throughout his practice. His title was indicating modernization and bringing light to savage mind which was dark. The Urban European attack in this project is represented by elements such as typical city buildings, a backdrop of a mass of European white faces looking with eyes wide opened at one black native and a guillotined jack-in-the-box hanging from a nose.Use of alphabets in his work is a symbol of capital and commerce, indicating the power in European language and other structures of thought. (Benj amin 127) Peter Robison in his work tried to answer ‘What kind of Maori person was I, if at all? He was from Maori tribe. By choosing g art as a career he was to revive political and cultural interest in Maori individuality, language and customs at that time. He went deeper into the Maori heritage in his work: ‘I am of Maori descent and maybe I'm aware of it, or completely unaware – but I've been de-tribalised.So when I started producing Maori art it was like I was part of a lost tribe that had lost its roots in Maoriness and was finding its own roots. ‘ (Benjamin 127) Gordon Bennett and Peter Robinson work Tongue Of The False Prophet (1992), 3. 125% (1994) and Untitled (1994) are indication of Robinson's reply, reviewing and investigating his individual stand in the intricacies of the New Zealand cultural state. Robison work the ‘percentage paintings', 3.125% (1994) symbolize the inquisitive position that he followed in answering to his ‘Maorine ss' in an opened-ended method, focusing on the dualities inside his individual state of affairs and the superior bicultural state, through its olden times of battle over dominion and privileges: ‘A large number of Robinson's works have centered on this issue – not just the tools and methods that the power culture in New Zealand has used to de-legitimize and diminish Maori cultural identity and Maori rights to lands and resources, but also the impact that such experiences have had upon the Maori people. ‘(Benjamin 127) 3.125 percentage , is the mathematics quantity of Maori blood containing Robinson's ancestry, a number that can be thought as insufficient or sufficient to assert social or cultural rights, depending on the alternative of defining structure; blood, familiarity, or policy: ‘And then they accuse you of jumping on the Maori art bandwagon. The percentage paintings were a way of exposing these kinds of attitudes. It is my belief that Maori identity is a matter of identifying yourself as Maori – belonging in terms of ancestral connections as opposed to being a concept of how much Maori you are in terms of blood quantities.‘(Benjamin 127) Self Portrait (Good Guys) has a powerful mournful expression on the psychic, self and social effect of color disparity and assimilation. It is against generalization and subsuming of identities on grounds such as scientific, social religious, political or any other grounds. ‘This is what my project is all about – not only through my art but in my coming to understand for myself that I am a measure of Australia and of Australian culture, that I was conditioned and socialized into this culture in a fairly average way.I feel that by deconstructing my false notions about myself and my Aboriginality then, in some way, I am also reflecting how that is being falsely reflected within Australian culture. So, there's this connection between my deconstructing this image in myself and deconstructing it in Australian culture. ’ (Benjamin 127) Robinson respond to current concerns with ethnicity and identity or other issues is to satirize political accuracy. The irrefutable legacy of lineage is closely examined by Robinson and Bennett in works acknowledging the difficulties of self identity.Self Portrait (Ancestor Figures) (1992) is one of Bennett’s work mostly documented among their works. (Benjamin 127) Boy Am I Scarred, Eh! (1997) there was a scarring and psychic damage to Maori after McCahons speculation. ’ I see much of my current work as History painting, not as a documentary History painting, but rather it is painting that investigates the way history is constructed after the event, always mediated by someone's point of view, a teleological one point perspective that reflects a Eurocentric bias.‘(Benjamin 127) In early 1990s Bennett’s painting had accounts of optical grids, perspectives, black voids signs and dates signi fying the impact and actions of arrangements of thinking applied by European colonial governments and individual putting borders and giving significance to the land of Australia and its populace. (Benjamin 127) Conclusion The Everyday phenomena style of art has affected the communities in a positive way since they get into issues that in most cases would have been ignored or overlooked.In Australia during the 1990s the artist and everyday theme was similar since during this period there were issues such as European colonization, displacement of people from their land and people taking refuge in other states in hope of a new start of their lives. Imants Tiller, Gordon Bennett and Peter Robison in their work have interest on the everyday phenomena in their work. (Crosskey, 77) Works Cited Bosch A. V. den, Aesthetics, Allen & Unwin Publishers, 2005, ISBN: 1741144558 Biennale of Sydney, Sydney Opera House, Art, Modern, Biennale Publishers,2002 Wood P. , Perry G. , Postmodernism, YALE UN IV PR Publishers, 2004, ISBN: 0300101430 Lindsay, R. , and et al, Painting, Modern, National Gallery of Victoria, 1983 Pratt W. B, Encyclopedias and dictionaries, Australia, Grolier society of Australia, 1977, ISBN: 0959660402 Lindsay, R. et al, Art, Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, 1987, ISBN: 0724101225 Daly M. , et al, Australia, Rough Guides, 2003, ISBN:1843530902 (Crosskey , J. Philip, Rose G. Roger, Art/Pacific Area, University of Hawaii Press, 1993, ISBN:0824815734 Curnow w. , Art, Australia, Craftsman House, 1997, ISBN:9057032716 (Rowley, S. , Handcraft/Philosophy, Allen & Unwin, 1997, ISBN: 186448313X McCulloch, A. , Biography, Allen & Unwin, 1994, ISBN: 1863733159Benjamin R. , Art, Australia, Guggenheim Museum, 1995, ISBN: 0892071451 Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Art Modern, Clio Press, 1969 Art Gallery of New, South Wales, Art Modern, the Biennale Publishers, 1986, ISBN: 0959661956? Smith, S. Ure, Traveling Exhibition, the Museum of Modern Art, 1941 Art Gallery of New South Wales Art, Australia, the Gallery, 1989?